People Have Become Overly Dependent on Technology Essay

The world today is more dependent on technology than ever. Over 90% of Americans today own a computerized gadget (Gahran, 2011). People receive email and text messages on cell phones, order fast food online, cars can park themselves, and even when we are driving, the traffic lights are controlled by a centralized computer system (Greenman, 1998). But what is all this access to technology doing to humans? What would we do if our high-tech gadgets failed us do to a wide-spread lack of power or cyber-related attack? The fact is that people of become so dependent on technology that they aren’t prepared for service interruptions. With non-disaster related blackouts up 124% since the early 90’s (Patterson, 2010) and disruptive weather patterns on the rise, people should begin to take steps to break their dependence on technology, or at least have better planning in place when the things do go dark. We should also be more aware of what information is available about us online. The most damaging information is often information released willingly, with little regard for who is viewing it. Read more: Is Society too Dependent on Technology Essay People are too dependent on technology related services for communication, internet commerce, and social media. Technology has had a huge effect on the way people communicate. Many people have traded the convenience of a wired phone in their homes in favor of only cellular phone service. In fact, a study in June 2010 showed that more than one in four homes only has cellular service, up from 13. 6 percent in 2007 (Blumberg, 2011). It’s not just urban areas that have seen in increase in cellular service, every state in the US experienced an increase (Blumberg, 2011). Electing to only subscribe to cellular service is dangerous because cellular phones require frequent charging to function. Additionally, the cellular towers must have power to provide adequate coverage of the signal. Finally, in the event of an emergency, cellular signals can become overloaded. Last August when the East Coast experienced an earthquake, cellular service was disrupted in the DC area for as much as 20 minutes due to the overwhelmed relay stations (Goldman, 2011). Wired phone service doesn’t require power to operate. Choosing to retain wired phone service is one way we can reduce our reliance on technology. You can’t write a paper about technology without mentioning the impact of the internet. For many of us, internet related technologies have forever changed how we work and play. The internet can bring vast amounts of information, entertainment, and conveniences to our fingertips. However, it can also bring unwanted guests in the form of cybercriminals and spammers. A computer virus disguised as or targeting one of these amenities could have serious effects on our personal finances and privacy. Internet commerce has changed the landscape of the business world. Amazon. com and Google have been become two of the most powerful companies in the world, ranking #56 and #73 on the 2012 list of the Fortune 500, but how? Amazon uses the internet to link sellers to consumers, taking a small percentage of the transaction in the process (Kay). When this process is repeated millions of times a day, profits roll in. Google on the other hand generates most of its revenue through advertising (Google). The Amazon’s and Google’s become dangerous when crooks get involved. With Amazon there are many fraud reports concerning both the buyers and sellers. Since Amazon is just the company that brings the parties together, they will investigate but are not liable for fraud. Some of Google’s ads have been unknowingly infected with malware and computer viruses (Mills, 2010). The perpetrators of the Amazon fraud and Google viruses have one goal; your personal information. Information gained from internet commerce transaction can be used to steal your identity. We need to demand that these retailers work harder to eradicate these crooks from penetrating their networks. Social media has become the next big thing in the internet media revolution. People can give friends and family up to the minute updates on their activities and events. Ever look at a typical teenager’s Facebook page? It often reads like a book of their thoughts, ideas, and sensitive information. Allowing this type of access to our most private information could have personal ramifications for years. The internet’s memory is unlimited. What may be funny, interesting, or newsworthy today may not be interesting in the future. In fact, what we say and post online has become the items that make up our â€Å"online footprint† (Clark, 2009). This online footprint is being used by potential employers as a background check type tactic to gain access to people’s private information. Users of social media sites are basically giving their personal information away. A recent study found that 13% of Facebook users and 92% of Twitter users connect with anyone who initiates a connection request (Bradley, 2009). We need to be smarter about what we post and who we allow access to. All users of social media must learn to educate themselves about the privacy policies of these social media outlets before they join and post information. As mentioned, people are too dependent on technology related services for communication, internet commerce, and social media. These technologies in particular have lowered our defenses to cyber criminals and make us less prepared if a true disaster strikes. We need to learn to use these technologies in the proper context and take the appropriate precautions to ensure that our lives are not adversely affected if technology fails us.

Sleep Deprivation

In today s busy lifestyle, the days are just not long enough to get everything done. Getting the correct amount of sleep is important to not only be healthy, but also to live safely, as may Americans may not know the severity of sleep deprivation. The human body requires sleep to regenerate, and a lack their of causes it to function abnormally. High school and college students generally need more sleep than adults, but on average sleep less than the 9 hours recommended. Time schedules and hectic life styles cause sleep deficiencies. What people may not know is how dangerous it can be to not get enough sleep. If you find yourself taping your eyelids open, and yawning all day, you may need to reschedule your time to get more sleep! The exact cause of sleep is still unknown to scientists, however many theories on how and why we sleep are in circulation. For example, sleep could be away to sort thoughts and memories or to give our immune system a chance to catch up. In addition sleep could be a way to prevent the brain from overheating, build neurons and our body to manufacture proteins. Further more, scientists believe that sleep is a way to restock depleted glucose levels that the brain needs to function. Most everyone has been caught a few times with bags under their eyes, but over time Americans have continued to push deprivation to the extreme. For example, students have more pressure on them to do well in school, as competition continues to rise for degrees ext. Staying up late to finish homework and study is common these days. In addition, hobbies and sports deprive young people the sleep they might need to become fully rested. Scholarships may be the only hope for some people to get an education past high school, and this demands early morning or late night practices and studying. Furthermore, social lives force most young adults to stay out late on weekends, and then sleep in Saturdays and Sunday mornings, throwing their sleeping patters off even more. Whether you are aware of it or not, sleep deprivation is dangerous. In a survey across America, 62% of the population admitted to driving drowsy, and 27 % further admitted to falling asleep behind the wheel at least once in the past year. As it only takes a split second to cause an accident, being a victim to a sleepy driver would not be an enjoyable experience. Not to mention that sleep deprived people are moody, filled with malaise, have poor concentration, and are susceptible to illnesses. Research has also shown that a sleep deficiency not only has a negative impact on work output, but also takes away from peoples will to perform the task hand. In addition, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) estimates that approximately 100,000 police-reported crashes annually (about 1. % of all crashes) involve drowsiness or fatigue as a principal factor in the accident. It s unfortunate to loose 1,500 people in the U. S. alone to a situation that can be easily avoided with such a simple function as sleep (4% of all traffic crash fatalities are sleep related). At least 71,000 people are injured in fall-asleep crashes each year. The NHTSA estimates these crashes represent $12. 5 billion each year. Furthermore, laws are being placed to prevent sleepy drivers from getting on the road. This is because deprivations mimics drunkenness, and slows down drivers reaction time to nothing in many cases. Although being ticketed for driving under an *exosted* state of mind would be a hassle and inconvenience, it would help to save lives. Good sleeping patterns not only promote a good health, but also prevent accidents from occurring. Sleeping properly and regularly, allows your brain to perform at maximum capacity. If at all possible scheduling time to get the most out of every day, including 8 to 9 hours of sleep is very important. If not for yourself, sleep properly to prevent the distress on others that may occur from an accident. You may not notice your mistake, but a death certificate leaves an erasable mark on families. Sleep Deprivation In today s busy lifestyle, the days are just not long enough to get everything done. Getting the correct amount of sleep is important to not only be healthy, but also to live safely, as may Americans may not know the severity of sleep deprivation. The human body requires sleep to regenerate, and a lack their of causes it to function abnormally. High school and college students generally need more sleep than adults, but on average sleep less than the 9 hours recommended. Time schedules and hectic life styles cause sleep deficiencies. What people may not know is how dangerous it can be to not get enough sleep. If you find yourself taping your eyelids open, and yawning all day, you may need to reschedule your time to get more sleep! The exact cause of sleep is still unknown to scientists, however many theories on how and why we sleep are in circulation. For example, sleep could be away to sort thoughts and memories or to give our immune system a chance to catch up. In addition sleep could be a way to prevent the brain from overheating, build neurons and our body to manufacture proteins. Further more, scientists believe that sleep is a way to restock depleted glucose levels that the brain needs to function. Most everyone has been caught a few times with bags under their eyes, but over time Americans have continued to push deprivation to the extreme. For example, students have more pressure on them to do well in school, as competition continues to rise for degrees ext. Staying up late to finish homework and study is common these days. In addition, hobbies and sports deprive young people the sleep they might need to become fully rested. Scholarships may be the only hope for some people to get an education past high school, and this demands early morning or late night practices and studying. Furthermore, social lives force most young adults to stay out late on weekends, and then sleep in Saturdays and Sunday mornings, throwing their sleeping patters off even more. Whether you are aware of it or not, sleep deprivation is dangerous. In a survey across America, 62% of the population admitted to driving drowsy, and 27 % further admitted to falling asleep behind the wheel at least once in the past year. As it only takes a split second to cause an accident, being a victim to a sleepy driver would not be an enjoyable experience. Not to mention that sleep deprived people are moody, filled with malaise, have poor concentration, and are susceptible to illnesses. Research has also shown that a sleep deficiency not only has a negative impact on work output, but also takes away from peoples will to perform the task hand. In addition, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) estimates that approximately 100,000 police-reported crashes annually (about 1. % of all crashes) involve drowsiness or fatigue as a principal factor in the accident. It s unfortunate to loose 1,500 people in the U. S. alone to a situation that can be easily avoided with such a simple function as sleep (4% of all traffic crash fatalities are sleep related). At least 71,000 people are injured in fall-asleep crashes each year. The NHTSA estimates these crashes represent $12. 5 billion each year. Furthermore, laws are being placed to prevent sleepy drivers from getting on the road. This is because deprivations mimics drunkenness, and slows down drivers reaction time to nothing in many cases. Although being ticketed for driving under an *exosted* state of mind would be a hassle and inconvenience, it would help to save lives. Good sleeping patterns not only promote a good health, but also prevent accidents from occurring. Sleeping properly and regularly, allows your brain to perform at maximum capacity. If at all possible scheduling time to get the most out of every day, including 8 to 9 hours of sleep is very important. If not for yourself, sleep properly to prevent the distress on others that may occur from an accident. You may not notice your mistake, but a death certificate leaves an erasable mark on families.

Investigative report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Investigative report - Essay Example I would listen to customer as I walked around. It is important for you to note that Wal-Mart food chain stores are not as effective as you may think. The retail stores have a shortage of employees, a problem that people could hardly discover. Despite this problem, I observed that they stock a wide range of food and grocery products (Kipple, Adam and Wherry 23). During my visit to this Wal-Mart grocery store, I found that most customers prefer to shop there because the retail outlet stocks a variety of foods and grocery products. The food chain store stocks products such as cereals, soft drinks, fish, milk, fruit and vegetables. The list of grocery products on the shelves is endless. I found out that the retail store have a strength in availing products to the consumers on time (Kipple, Adam and Wherry 24). You should note that my observations were supplemented by consumer talks, which were not deduced from interviews. Indeed, I walked around the retail store just like any other consumer and never interviewed anyone. On another different note, the retail store had a shortage of employees ranging from the shop attendants, cashiers to the supervisors. The customers were hanging around the corridors and shelves because there were few shop attendants to direct them. Additionally, the same customers would line up for several minutes before they pay for the goods to the cashiers. There were many customers inside the retail store, not because they loved the store so much, but, due to the fact that employees were inadequate. I had thought that Wal-Mart is perfect and efficient even before visiting their food chain store. Being the leading grocery business in the US and the world, one might think that there are no problems in its operations. You should note that the retail store does well in stocking many types of products, but, has a shortage of employees to meet the customer needs. I will go beyond and remind you that Whole Foods is another company that deals with

Managerial accounting final project Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Managerial accounting final project - Coursework Example Required: 1. Prepare a correct analysis of the changes in volume on operating income. Prepare a tabulated set of income statement at levels 200,000; 250,000; and 300,000 yo-yo. Also show percentages of operating income in relation to sales. 2. Compare your tabulation with the manager’s tabulation. Why is the manager’s tabulation incorrect as the above? Answer1: Volume in Units 200,000 250,000 300,000 Sales @ $3 $600,000 $750,000 $950,000 Unit Variable Cost@ $1.40 $280,000 $350,000 $420,000 Contribution Margin $320,000 $400,000 $530,000 Fixed Costs* $150,000 $150,000 $150,000 Operating Income $170,000 $250,000 $380,000 Operating Income Margin (%) 28.33% 33.33% 40% *Fixed Costs Fixed Manufacturing Costs $125000 Fixed Selling & Distribution Costs $25000 Fixed Costs $150000 Answer 2 The manager used $2.00 full cost per unit to calculate the impact of changing sales volume over the operating income which is misleading. The effect of variable cost differs with the increase or decrease in sales volume which is best described and exposed in the contribution method. The operating income as calculated by the contribution method reveals the increase of operating profit at a different rate with respect to sales than the analysis created by the manager. As per the manager’s analysis, at 200,000 sales volume the operating profit to sales percentage rests at 33.33% whereas, our analysis reveal it to be at 28.33%. Hence, manager’s analysis shows an artificially better picture of income. On the other hand, operating income to sales ratio of 31.5% is misleading as it provides a deteriorated picture of the income/sales ratio. The actual operating income margin is 40% at 300,000 level of sales. Question 2: Chapter 6 Assume that XYZ company reports the following costs to make 17.5oz bottles for its juice cocktails: QYZ company Cost of making 17.5-ounce bottles Total Cost for 1,000,000 bottles Cost per Bottle Direct materials $80,000 $0.080 Direct labor 3 0,000 0.030 Variable factory overhead 60,000 0.060 Fixed factory overhead 85,000 0.085 Total Costs 255,000 $0.255 Another manufacturer offers to sell XYZ the bottles for $0.25. The capacity now used to make bottles will become idle if the company purchases the bottles. Further, one supervisor with a salary of $60,000, a fixed cost, would be eliminated if the bottles were purchased. Prepare schedule that compares the costs to make and buy the 17.5-ounce bottles. Should XYZ make or buy the bottles? Answer Description Make Buy Each bottle Total Each bottle Total Purchases Costs 0.25 250000 Direct Material 0.080 80000 Direct Labor 0.030 30000 VOH 0.060 60000 Fixed Factory OH 0.060 60000 Total Relevant Cost 0.23 230000 0.25 250000 Savings on Making 0.02 20000 Conclusion: The company should make to save $20,000 as the analysis

Project Proposal Requirements Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Project Proposal Requirements - Essay Example The mission of the organization involves, distributing water and electrical services in a reliable, environmentally safe, and financially effective manner (Fried & Ferris, 2007). AADC has hundreds of employees; and hence it strives to adopt appropriate staff satisfaction measures. The staff motivation approaches used in the project are training, career development and challenging work environment. Job satisfaction entails the experiences of employees at the workplace, and also superior working life quality (Burgoon, 2006). Job satisfaction at AADC is effectively analyzed through significant factors like; working environment, general wellbeing, home-work relationship, work control, and stress at the work place. Employees generally enjoy their work environment, if they achieve significant attributes related to their job. The project aims at illustrating three significant issues at AADC. Firstly, the project will research on the levels of employee satisfaction at the AADC. Secondly, the project illustrates the types of employee satisfaction approaches, which are applied effectively and efficiently at AADC. Thirdly, the project aims at illustrating the management and staff relationship in formulating and implementing the employee satisfaction approaches at the workplace (Rode, 2014). High employee satisfaction levels are very important for the achievement of the short and long term objectives of AADC. This is because high job satisfaction levels increase the motivation of employees. There are several factors that influence motivation levels at the workplace. The factors are broadly categorized into four; environmental factors, effective employee recognition, individual factors, and psychological wellbeing. Communication processes within the organization should be effective, so as to ensure high satisfaction levels. The communication process should adequately involve the input of employees. Work environments which effectively recognize the

The Cold War and the Color Line Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Cold War and the Color Line - Assignment Example International situation in the late 1950s - early 1960s turned domestic discrimination into a literally vital issue that might affect the future of the whole world. World War II triggered the anti-colonial movement in Asia and Africa, and the balance of powers in the world - given approximate parity between the communist and capitalist blocks - depended upon what form of political establishment those new countries would choose. And again, in the 1950s several politicians tried to draw the attention of the federal government to the link between discriminatory domestic policies of racial segregation and failure of the American efforts to extend political influence over new Asian and African states. In 1952, Chester Bowles, U.S. Ambassador to India, pronounced a speech at Yale University in which he clearly specified the causes of repeated failures in those regions: "A year, or even a week in Asia is enough to convince any perceptive American that the colored peoples of Asia and Africa, who total two-thirds of the world's population, seldom think about the United States without considering the limitations under which our 13 million Negroes are living" (Dudziak, 2000: 77). Being put on the verge of losing its international prestige the United States was forced to take serious efforts to improve the situation. The international pressure was accompanied by constantly growing domestic tension: throughout the 1950s black population of the country expressed increasing ability to organize and oppose segregationist laws (Borstelmann, 2002). Thus, in December 1955, Rosa Parks, an African American woman refused to give up her seat in the bus to a White man in Montgomery, Alabama. The incident resulted in a one-day boycott against segregation on Public transportation and led to the emergence of the Montgomery Improvement Association headed by a young minister from Dexter Avenue Baptist Church, Martin King. After a year of struggle and numerous arrests, the Supreme Court outlawed segregationist laws of Alabama: the name of Martin Luther King became known all over the world. Leaders of the emerging African American civil rights movement met at the beginning of 1957 and established the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). This organization led by King played a critically important role in the development of the civil rights movement of the 1960s. The black suffrage movement spread across the South where African Americans were in the majority but deprived of major political rights. Despite strong resistance of the white politicians, the Congress responded to the suffrage movement by passing the Civil Rights Act in 1957. The Act made it a federal crime to interfere with a citizen's right to vote or be elected and established the Civil Rights Commission to investigate violations of the law. Another Act passed in 1960 banned interfering with citizen's right to vote (Nowak and Rotunda, 1995). Gradually, black civil rights movement grew more organized and the civil rights struggle made a significant turn: while in the 1950s civil rights actions, such as Montgomery boycott, were spontaneous, the 1960s saw a series of well-organized actions.  

Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Management - Research Paper Example The main aim relating to TQM and also its success depended upon successfully implementing customer satisfaction, internal and external as well as removing the barriers that exists in between the departments. TQM implementation resulted in tremendous success in terms of growth and market share. Also, TQM leads to reduction of wastage. The product quality improvements also lead to reduction of competition as more customers are willing to take up the products. TQM has a lasting benefit for not only the organization but the entire hierarchy of people in the organization. TQM (Total Quality Management) is a process for continuous improvement. To tackle the ever changing global business environment mere implementation of TQM in a company is not enough. They have look for ways to continuously upgrade and expand the way TQM has been implemented. TQM implementation requires a collaborated effort from entire organization. The cost of quality in implementing TQM is certainly a small matter when compared to the benefits that can be derived from TQM implementation and expansion. At Gillette, the customer satisfaction and collaborated effort from entire organizational support is given priority. Therefore to expand on the present TQM process, some tools of quality improvement can be implemented. A cause and effect analysis could be implemented to understand the customer view point and the effect it can generate to the company, if it is implemented. To tackle market competition a brainstorming session has to be practiced to understand the strengths and weakness es of the competitors and devise the TQM accordingly. The employee and the customers are two main stakeholders of Gillette. So, to implement their viewpoint a focus group survey by interview and employee survey can be implemented. Value engineering method has to be used. This will help in improving the value of products and goods produced. Value engineering implementation can help the company to

Intro to Political Science Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Intro to Political Science - Assignment Example It is rational to argue that the rich and corporations receive a lot from the government while what they contribute to society is minimal because of personal interests at the expense of others. 2. Jean Jacques stated, "Man is free yet everywhere is in chains." According to the professor, what does Rousseau mean by this statement? Why is the professor passionate about personal liberties? Rousseau coined the element of social contract in which he draws the ground for legitimate political order. In this argument, Rousseau argued that man is born free and everywhere he is in chains which implies that man thinks that he is the ruler or master of others but remains in bondage than they are. He argued that the state of nature was a barbaric and primitive condition which lacked morality or law. Human beings left this state for necessity and benefits of cooperation. As society progressed, division of labor and private property needed humanity to adopt institutions of law. In the degenerate st age of society, man is prone to competition with other people in society while at the same time becoming dependent on them. This pressure in life threatened his freedom and survival. That is why Rousseau argued that man is born free but every where he is in chains. 3. How was the government evolved since it was established by the founding fathers? Please describe both similarities and differences in government today versus in its original state. Originally, the U.S had a de jure form of government when it was first founded by people like Abraham Lincoln and Madison. Today, the government has evolved and adopted de facto kind of government where by resources are shared by equity and not by law as compared to earlier government where distribution of resources was by law. Despite these differences, they reveal a common quality where the rights of citizens were respected by the government. Original government was established by republican form of government with the limitations placed o n their servants, in this case, it meant that the people were the government not their servants. It has evolved in that those behind the scenes prepare and place their people in office who usurp power at the expense of the citizens. The similarity in this case is that the government has sovereign power which is exercised by the citizens either directly or indirectly. 4. Why has political efficacy been on the decline? What do you believe is contributing to this malaise Political efficacy is the faith and trust that citizens have in the government and their conviction that they can comprehend and influence political decisions. Political efficacy has been declining due to the fact that people are less involved in politics since the governments have proven to be ineffective since people’s vote do not count at all, people lack civil rights and they are not allowed to express their views or opinions freely. The decline of political efficacy is associated with the rise of money in p olitical affairs. Therefore, there is failure by the government to control arena of campaign finance which allows wealthy people and Corporations to silence voices of individual citizens making the public lose trust and faith in the political system. 5. Which of the amendment(s) in the Bill of Rights deals with liberty?

THE DIET PILLS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

THE DIET PILLS - Essay Example On the other hand, diet pills are much cheaper than invasive operations such as liposuction and gastric bypass, which cost more than $2000. Diet pills go from $25 a month above. If it’s about safety, the safest way to go as exercise and diet. Liposuction has its own horror stories of pain and permanent damage. Diet pills have been found to cause long-term side-effects and even death in some countries. Currently, only a few pills are FDA approved and this includes Orlistat, Sibutramine and other appetite suppressants. Finally, we all know that exercise and a right diet is still the most recommended way to lose weight but the results of this is subjective. Liposuction is a sure way to take out the fat obviously and is the perhaps the most effective. Studies show that it is effective only at a marginal to moderate rate of weight loss. Whatever you choose as your weight loss scheme, don’t just go for results. Be smart and do research. Always think about its value for money, the possible side effect and how well it fits your lifestyle. Consumer Reports. Are diet pills effective? n.d. Web. September 29, 2011http://www.consumerreports.org/health/healthy-living/diet-nutrition/diets-dieting/diet-pill-effective-fat-chance-1-07/overview/0701_diet-pill-effective-fat-chance.htm Newell, Lori. â€Å"Why Exercise is Healthier Than Weight Loss pills†. Live Strong.com. September 27, 2010. Web. September 29, 2011

Theories Of Drug Abuse Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Theories Of Drug Abuse - Research Paper Example The strain/ anomie theory explains that people resort to drug abuse when they fail to achieve success in society. The society is competitive and achievement-oriented and those who fail to succeed come up with unusual mechanisms to handle failure. When these mechanisms also fail, they resort to drug abuse. The social control theory explains that individuals get involved in drug abuse because of lack of societal rules encouraging conventionality. If these rules are weak, individuals will adopt unconventional behavior including drug abuse. Greater involvement in conventional activities reduces the likelihood of involvement in activities like drug abuse. The self-control theory suggests that individuals abuse drugs because of lack of self-control, caused by the inability of the society or parents to control the behavior of their children. People abuse drugs because there is no custodian to stop them (Kaplan, Martin and Robbins, 1984). The social learning theory suggests that people learn good or bad behavior depending on the groups they interact with. Interacting with groups that reward and reinforce drug use leads to adoption of the behavior. The subcultural theory explains that interacting with social groups that encourage drug use leads to an individual’s adoption of the habit while the individual gets discouraged from the habit by interacting with groups that discourage drug use (Hanson, Venturelli and Fleckenstein, 2011). Selective interaction theory suggests that individuals are attracted to particular drug using groups because their principles and beliefs are harmonious with those of drug users. The conflict theory explains that drug abuse is related to the power and social class of individuals. The rich and powerful individuals are less likely to be involved in drug use than the lower class and low-earning individuals. The poor resort to selling drugs as a source of livelihood. Drug dealing flouris hes in poor communities (Mooney,

Examinations Essay Essay Example for Free

Examinations Essay Essay Certain forms of rhetoric may seem like they are set in concrete, but this is not true. The 75 Readings essays â€Å"The Plague,† â€Å"Once More to the Lake,† and â€Å"Talk in the Intimate Relationship: His and Hers† are labeled as a narrative, a description and an exposition respectively. The essays are much like human beings in that, labels are no more than mere words that help divide them into certain categories that they only kind of fit into. The lines that divide essays into their categories are fuzzy line a misty morning in that a narrative may also be an exposition. The essays from 75 Readings do not have to be labeled so strictly for they can be viewed as any other form of rhetoric. An example of a narrative that could also be an exposition would be â€Å"The Plague† written by Barbara Tuchman. Expositions contain a process, an example, and compare/contrast. â€Å"The Plague† shows a process with the succession of the black plague. Tuchman charts out how the plague spread across Europe. Examples are common in expositions, such as when Tuchman says, â€Å"In Siena, where more than half the inhabitants died of the plague, work was abandoned on the great cathedral, planned to be the largest in the world, and never resumed, owing to loss of workers and master masons and ‘the melancholy and grief’ of the survivors† (Tuchman 28). There is also a definite compare and contrast, in which Tuchman compares and contrasts the different ways the plague effected different parts of Europe. Like how in Paris, France the nuns of Hotel Dieu tended the sick without fear of dying themselves while in Piazza, Sicily priests did not attend church to hear their flocks confessions because of their fear of death. As with â€Å"The Plague†, the essay â€Å"Once More to the Lake† can be labeled as another form of rhetoric. â€Å"Once More to the Lake† written by E. B. White is labeled as a descriptive; however, it could also be labeled as a narrative. A narrative must have, at least, a point of view, characters and a logical arrangement. The point of view is in the first person, the story is told from the narrators’ point of view, â€Å"On the journey over to the lake I began to wonder what it would be like† (White 42). White also uses characters, mainly the narrator, his son, and the narrators’ father. Another aspect of a narrative is a logical arrangement; White’s logical arrangement follows the narrators thinking process. As the narrator switches between real time nd memories, we the readers follow his thinking process just as we would with the logical arrangement of any other narrative. Sure this form of logical arrangement is slightly confusing and difficult to recognize memory from reality and possibly suggests that the narrator has the beginning stages of Alzheimer’s or perhaps simply a few too many hits to the head. Finally, the essay labeled as an exposition, â€Å"Talk in the Intimate Relationship: His and Hers,† by Deborah Tannen, can also be a seen as a description. A description is known for its logical arrangement, sensory language, and objective or subjective perspective. The logical arrangement in this essay follows the different scenarios with dialogue between two individuals, one male and one female. One example of logical arrangement that Tannen uses would be the scenario where Sylvia and Henry are celebrating their fiftieth wedding anniversary and there is an issue with the cake. Tannens use of sensory language in the fiftieth anniversary scenario is subtle at best. There is just enough there to provide a scene for each scenario that Tannen uses. The essay has an objective perspective, since Tannen analyzes the conversation from the view of a scientist, to whom nothing is personal. From 75 Reading the essays â€Å"The Plague,† â€Å"Once More to the Lake,† and â€Å"Talk in the Intimate Relationship: His and Hers,† are more commonly labeled as a narrative, a description, and an exposition. These essays must not be labeled as an exposition, a narrative and a descriptive, respectively. This does not have to be so. Much like a castle made of Legos, everything is interchangeable within the forms of rhetoric. Like how â€Å"The Plague† is not only a narrative but also an exposition while, â€Å"Once More to the Lake† is not simply a description but a narrative, and â€Å"Talk in the Intimate Relationship: His and Hers† cannot just be labeled as an exposition but as a description too. Forms of rhetoric are almost always interchangeable, like jewelry to a woman.

Vivisection and whether it should be morally accepted for the benefits of human beings

Vivisection and whether it should be morally accepted for the benefits of human beings Research topic: Vivisection and whether it should be morally accepted for the benefits of human beings. This report attempts to prove that vivisection should be morally accepted by the society. In essence, the report touches on the importance of vivisection in medicine and other non-medicine products too. It is stated that vivisection had save many lives. This has been done through organ transplantation. Our understanding about animals had also been improved. Animal experimentation also benefits the medicine area when new vaccine and treatment is discovered. This has helped to provide better understanding of our body system. Lastly, vivisection is required for the safety trials of non-medicinal product to avoid any defects. Animals such as non-rodents are needed as using human as subject of experimentation is considered an immoral act. Ask the experimenters why they experiment on animals, and the answer is because the animals are like us. Ask the experimenters why is it morally okay to experiment on animals, and the answer is because the animals are not like us. Animal experimentation rests on a logical contradiction. (Charles L. Magel, n.d) We, human are afraid of everything. We are afraid of uncertainty and a lot of experiences from the past are not forgotten. There was a lot of human dying for the wrong reasons. We went to the hospital to find a cure instead the cure becomes a poison.   Now is the time where animal testing come in. Animal testing or often called vivisection is a process of testing new products and medicines on animals for the benefit of human beings. In United Kingdom, the Medicines Act of 1986 declares that all medicines have to be tested on at least 2 mammals and one of them must be non-rodent (Shandilya, 2008).   This act was introduced when the Thalidomide drug was discovered to cause serious physical deformities in babies born to the mother who had taken it during pregnancy. This problem happen as Thalidomide was not tested on animals (specifically pregnant animals) before. Since then, many countries had followed the lead of United Kingdom and enforced the law on animal testing. Before a prod uct are commercializes, it has to be tested on any animals that have the closest DNA with human. A long process involving animal, in-vitro (i.e. in test tube) and using computer program take place before a products can be offered to consumer (Shandilya, 2008). Most drug authorities have to pass all of this before a trial can be conducted on human. Unfortunately, in order to provide the best things for human beings, we have to hurt the animals. When vivisection is carried out, animals have to suffer in order for the scientist to monitor the effects that might occur. In cosmetics; specifically for eye mascara, it had to be tested on rabbits eyes. Morally, it is very cruel to do that and let the animal suffer. However, this cruel act is needed to make sure that there is no side effect of applying mascara on our [human being] eyes. In pharmaceutical industry, finding cure and vaccine for AIDS has become a very important goal to achieve. A lot of animals had to be sacrificed but sooner or later, we will find it. This has been proven by history when we had finally succeeded in finding vaccines for life threatening diseases such as rabies, Hepatitis B and Herpes Simplex (Shandilya, 2008). The journey to find the cure or vaccine for many fatal diseases which involves torturing the animals had cause the NGO such as PETA (People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals) to take actions. Members of PETA had been fighting against animal testing since new research methods such as computer models, human studies and cell cultures had been invented.   They feel that all of these methods are more humane and accurate than animal testing. This view had been opposed by scientists and researchers as majority of them are saying that animal testing is the best way to detect any flaws in products and medicines. We can see very clearly that there are many strong opinions and thought on the subject of animal testing. The main question is that should vivisection be morally acceptable to develop products and medicines that will benefit human beings? When we look closer into this, we can see that vivisection should be morally accepted. This will bring a lot more benefits for us, human beings and the animals too. This has been proven when heart worm medication has been formulated by researching on animals and until now, it had reduced the number of death of dogs. Research on animals had also provided better understanding on cat nutrition and the reasons on why cat had been healthier and live longer are better understood. This report will show convincing evidence of why animal testing should be morally acceptable to develop products and medicines for human beings. The research findings are narrowed to the Asian country and United States of America as this two are the advanced leader on producing products and medicines in the world. 2.0 Vivisection saves many lives. It is scientifically proven that animal testing had save many life. Testing household compounds, cosmetics and pharmaceutical products has been a common practice for a very long time. It is estimated that nearly 20 million animals are used for animal experimentation purposes, 15 million are tested for medication and 10 million are tested for other products (Shandilya, 2008). A lot of time is required to develop product and vaccines. The pressure to find cure for HIV infection is overwhelming as this disease is increasing day by day. To find the effective drugs and vaccine has been proven difficult as HIV is very good at changing its structure and evading destruction. In reality, scientists are able to test thousand of different vaccine in human participants. By doing this method, we can see directly whether there are any cures, treats or vaccine to be found (Shandilya, 2008). However, these actions would be highly time-consuming and dangerous to human. This is because all of these compounds may not be effective and cause sickness or death. Animals are the best substitutes as we have to focus on reducing human pain first. Despite the fact that the prevention of animal suffering and death is still important, but it is still secondary to human pain. 2.1 Organ transplantation.   When each one of our family members is hale and hearty, we will find that it is very difficult for us as to why the innocent animals are used for testing purposes that will results in killing them. But, it will usually start to make sense when someone in the family or our own self starts suffering fatal diseases. This is when animal testing came handy. Testing on animals had help discovered a lot of life threatening diseases including rabies and malaria (Shandilya, 2008). One of the major finding of vivisection is organ transplantation. Skin, corneas and various other internal organs can now be safely transferred to others patient in need.   Without the knowledge of transplantation immunology in biology, this procedure could never be declared as a safe and standard procedure now, (Harvard style, 1988). Nowadays, more than 30,000 Americans have undergone heart and liver transplantation and they survived. There are some that had retained their sight because of cornea transplant. During the World War 2, the treatment for burn victims had become very important and British biologist P. B. Medawar (1944) had found a way to do skin transplantation. He had used the Freemantin cattle as his models. A Freemantin is a sexually developed female cow that is born as a twin of a normal male cow. Thus, the hormones from the male cow reached through the placental vessel and make its sterile. This experimentation had showed that the skin and other tissues of the female and male Freemantin twins will produce success result at any stage of their lives. They were suitable for each other as they had been exposed with each others cells since they were born.   Moreover, animal testing had helped us to know more about virus related to organ transplantation rejection (Harvard Style, 1988). This discovery had signalled a new era in immune system with wide results for the sake of health in treatment of diseases not for human and animals too. 2.2 Better understanding of animals. We can prove that animal testing benefits not only human but animals too. When the research is conducted in the veterinary schools and other institutions, it proved that animals too gain benefit from the research. Research on animal farms had discovered way to increase productivity and quality of the animals product. Simultaneously, researchers had also found a way to reduce the sufferings and increase the health of the animals. The cure for some lethal disease on animals had also been found. One of the examples is the cure for Potomac fever in horses (Harvard Style, 1988). Research that is aimed on human can also help in finding vaccine for animals. While finding a cure for human beings, a host of antibiotics and vaccine had been found applicable for animals too (Harvard Style, 1988). The major benefits of vivisection on animals are that it helped in reproduction of the endangered species. The abilities to eliminate parasitism to treat illnesses and the usage of anaesthetic had improved the health and survival of many species. The knowledge gained from genetic studies has allowed appropriate management of species that are facing extinction. Research in successful breeding had reduced the need for importation of many species especially monkeys (Harvard Style, 1988).   This can be confirmed when the amount of primates used in research had had increased from 2198 in year 1973 to 7908 births in year 1984 (Harvard Style, 1988).   Vivisection is a waste of money. To do a research on animals is not cheap. People that are against animal testing are saying that instead of using animals, we should spend all this money on technology. Nowadays, there are computer that can demonstrate the human cell reaction (Dixon, 2000). But this entire test cannot monitor the reaction of the medication or products on animals. This is a problem as we cannot figure how the animals and we will react toward those medications. What we can learn from the past is that animal experimentation had helped us to advance faster in medicine and that live animals are the most reliable subjects for toxicity test. In country such as United States, all prescription drugs must be tested on animals before they are allowed into the market (Dixon, 2000). If animals testing are banned, it would paralyse modern medicine, increase human suffering and endanger human health. It is clearly proven that animal testing had contributed many information and benefits to the medicine area. This information had helped humanity survived and live longer. Vivisection had indirectly helped to improve human health. 3.1 New vaccines and treatment are discovered. Animal experimentation had started long time ago. Since then, many new vaccines have been discovered. One of the greatest discoveries is the cure for Polio. Polio is a contagious disease that had killed many people around the world since the ancient times. It is a dangerous disease and its most widespread outbreak occurred in the first half of the 1900s. In 1995, Jonas Salk had found the vaccines to prevent and cure polio (Harvard Style, 2000). This vaccine was found through animal testing. Rhesus monkey is used as the subject for the study of polio. The two researchers, Landsteiner and Popper proved that when the injection of spinal cord fluid from patients that are suffering from polio is inserted to the animals, it would paralyze them (Harvard Style, 1988). Researcher had come across the good solution when they decided that they have to immunize the animals first to protect them from the disease which in this case is polio. The Rhesus monkey was injected with polio virus and then a formalin-inactivated virus in injected to their infected brain suspensions. This will set the body to produce a modified live virus. This virus can be used for mass production of polio vaccines (Harvard Style, 1988). We can see that, experiment on Rhesus monkey had contributed a lot since many lives is safe since that. The use of monkeys had decreased considerably but it is still used sometimes to test the capacity of the virus to cause disease in our nervous system. 3.2 Help understand more about human system. Previously in surgery many mistakes that had caused fatality can be avoided. Vivisection had helped us to understand more about our system.   Charles Sherrington had studied on our reflex actions and he had done that by experimenting on cats. This test had been continued by Eccles who had explained in great details on how our central nervous system works (Harvard Style, 1988). At present, our surgeons can remove brain tumours with least damage to our motor system. This precious thing had happen through the research of Sherrington (Harvard Style, 1988). Basic research on animal are needed to find out ways to keep human and animal alive. It is extremely important to find out how the different organ and tissue in our body react towards any disease and even vaccines. In the past year, animal experimentation is needed to find out about our heart, kidney and renal system. Now, it has to be continued as there are a lot more to be discovered and this includes our brain. The brain is so far the most mysterious organs in our body and there are a lot more that we do not know about it. Thus, vivisection has to be continued as finding the essential information is the most important actions now to help find new medicine. Animals are different from people. People that are against animal testing stated that it is impossible for us to find   neither cure nor vaccine through animal testing as animals are very different from us. However, mammals are descended from common ancestors and we are biologically same with them. By saying same is that we have the same organs such as heart, liver and kidney. These organs worked the same ways as our which is through bloodstream and nervous system.   We cannot deny that there are minor differences between animals and animals but our similarities are much more than that. These differences may help us to overcome and find new cure. It is also proven that vitamins worked the same way in animals as they do in people (Harvard Style, 2000). When a research on guinea pig was conducted, we had discovered on how vitamin C works. There are also some animal hormones that can be used on human. One of them is thyrotropin from cows (Harvard Style, 2000). Laboratory animals are not only used for medication purposes. They are also necessary in accessing the safety of household products, workplace chemicals, food addictive and cosmetics products. A product without any testing is considered dangerous as we cannot identify the side effects of them. There are some agencies that are monitoring the quality of products and this includes Food and Drug Administration (FDA). FDA monitors the safety testing process for drugs, vaccine, food addictive and cosmetics. Some others agencies including Consumer Products Safety Commission and the Environmental Protection Agency monitor the other types of testing (ILAR, 2004). 4.1 Defects and bad effect is avoidable. Without safety trial, a lot of bad consequences can happen. In 1933, a mascara brand called Lash Lure had caused more than one dozen women to become blind and one of them died. This permanent mascara contains a chemical called p-phenylenediamine which has never been through a safety trial before (ILAR, 2004). This chemical caused the users eye to become badly blistered, produces ulcers on the face, eye and eyelids thus cause blindness for majority of them. One woman had developed a bad infections and she had died because of it. Here we can see that, an untested chemicals used only in mascara can cause such a devastating effect. There are numerous products that we used every day and to not test them is like killing our own body. To use a product without knowing the side effects is suicidal. This is where animal safety test come in. Agencies including the FDA require all cosmetics products such as makeup, shampoos, soaps, hair sprays and dyes and shaving cream to be tested first before it is released (ILAR, 2004). All manufacturers have to prove the safety of their products before it can be sold. We can see that it is crucial to have a safety trial as the effects can be so serious and lethal. 4.2 It is immoral to use human as subject. So far, we do not discover any close substitute of human. It is not possible for us to use human as the subject of a safety trial. There are too many risks and there are also millions of possibilities of defects on new products. To use human and let them suffer pains is beyond acceptance. Human are too scared of risks and death. Even though there are other alternatives than using animals especially primates as subject, these could not yet replace testing on these primates.   There is one procedure called micro dosing where human beings were given a small dose of chemicals to see how the body will react towards the chemicals but these chemicals must undergo a toxic test using animals first before it can be done (Harvard Styles ,2009).   Therefore, this procedure cannot replace animal testing completely. The most suitable subject for safety trial is monkeys and apes as they have the closest DNA match to us. Normally, safety trials for non-medical products use animals such as rabbits and mice. They are used to identify the outcome of new chemicals tested. Rabbits are sometimes used to test a new mascara product. This is required to make sure that there will be no flaw in the products. Animal testing is not required as there are other alternatives. Anti vivisections are saying that animal experimenting is not needed as there are many alternatives around such as computer modelling. There is also synthetic skin called Corrositex. However, this alternative seems impossible as we cannot reproduce complex diseases in cell culture or make the computer cough. We cannot even monitor a beating heart in a test-tube (Harvard Styles, 2010). It is also stated by law that animal testing is not required if there are other ways available. Even so, there are situations where using animals as subject is unavoidable. Our living body is so complicated and it is divided into so much part. So we need to understand on how they interact with each other and it is impossible for us to use human as the subject of experimentation. As a conclusion, we can say that vivisection should be morally accepted to develop products and medicines that benefit human beings. This decision was made as it should be based on the arguments given above. Until now, we can say that vivisections are still needed as so far there is no advance technology to replace it yet. A lot more things need to be discovered and the only suitable method available is vivisection. Even though animals have to suffer pain when undergoing experimentation, it is the researchers best interests to make sure that the animals suffer minimum pain. This is because if they were too stressed, the results produced may not be reliable. It is required by law that any animals that suffered excessive pain have to be put down painlessly and immediately. This proved that we, human still have pity and moral value in us. Vivisections have contributed a lot for the benefits of human and animals. It had reduced the risks of human disease and this had substantially increase life expectancy. This is the results of animal experimentation. In the mean time, there are a lot of more that have to be learned. Further studies in such areas as cancer and HIV will continue to require the use of animals. Animal experimentation is recommended as a way to test medicine and products. It is so far the most suitable way to identify any defects on products compared to using human or computer. However, this report recommends further work to: Find ways to reduce the amount of animals used in vivisection and at the same time maximize the information that we can get through it. Discover the new way on how experiments in carried out so that we can reduce the pain of the animals to the minimum. Find more alternative ways so that animals testing can be reduced. Animal testing can be reduced to the minimum level. So, this report recommends further work to: Ban the unnecessary testing such as for cosmetics purposes. Reuse the existing data from the previous research so that new researches do not have to be conducted. Increase the usage of in-vitro in experimentation. This report also recommends further work: Increase the usage of newer scanning techniques such as MRI so that we can monitor the internal organs of humans. Reduce the amount of animal used in science experimentation is school such as frog dissecting. Students should be encouraged to use computer model rather than real animal. The number of mammals used for vivisection should be reduced. 123HelpMe.Com, 2010, Animal Testing Debate viewed on 22nd January 2010, http://www.123helpme.com/view.asp?id122783> AnimaltestingFacts.com, n.d, Animal Testing Facts, viewed on 22nd January 2010, http://www.animaltestingfacts.zooshare.com/o.html Harvard Style, 1988, Benefits Derived from the Use of Animals on Use of Laboratory Animal in Biomedical and Behavioural Research, National Academy Press, viewed on 3rd August 2010, http://site.ebrary.com/lib/sunway/docprint.action?encrypted=71bac7c3b51976†¦. Institute for Laboratory Animal Research (ILAR), 2004, Safety testing on Science, Medicine and Animals, National Academy Press, viewed on 30th March 2010. Intelligent life On the Web, n.d, Animal Testing viewed on 22nd January 2010, Http://www.buzzle.com/articles/animal-testing/ Ranjan Shandilya (2008), Animal Testing Pros, viewed on 25 January 2010 Scientific Community o Health and Environment Risks, n.d, Non-human Primates in research and safety testing, viewed on 3rd April 2010, http://www.greenfacts.org.com Thomas Dixon, (2000). Animal Experimentation (online), International Debate Education Association, http://www.idebate.org/database/topic_details.php?topicID=7 viewed on 19 January 2010. Understanding Animal Research, 2010, Understanding animal research, viewed on 30th March 2010, http://www.understandinganimalresearch.org.uk/homepage

Literature review on Leadership vision styles and change

Literature review on Leadership vision styles and change Introduction: The following review is divided into three sections and investigates Leadership and Management literature to provide an insight into:- Leadership and Vision. Leadership Styles. Leadership and Change. The literature has been researched from various sources explained in Table No 1 shown on the following page. SECTION 3.1 Leadership and Vision. Introduction, This section will show literature researched and reviewed to provide a discussion for:- Section 3.1.1. What is a Vision? Section 3.1.2. Why have a vision. Section 3.1.1. What is a Vision? Research has shown there considerable agreement that a vision is a projection of a future desired state. The dictionary states Vision is Unusual competence in discernment or perception; intelligent foresight. Levin {, 2000, Vision Revisited: Telling the story of the future.} suggests that when you provide a vision you show an idea of what you would like to see happen in the future and show the possibilities of what could be achieved. Its effects should be inspiring, bold, future orientated but believable and achievable. It should be derived from what people desire i.e. to fore fill their own personal goals or to aim for what they value it is their ideals, goals, interest and desires. Also by defining a vision you answer the question of the stakeholders Whats in it for me Levin (2000) {, 2000, Vision Revisited: Telling the story of the future.} also states that a vision lets heart feel what the head is told and should be able to show you where you are going. Lewis (1997) {, 1997, Building a Shared Vision. A leaders guide to aligning the organisation.} supports these views and that a vision is an expression of where an organisation wants to go and how it intends to get there. Kotter cited by Hope, J. Bunce, P. (2008) {, 2008, Beyond Budgeting: Change Management} argues that a vision should be inspirational and emotional rather than rational and that when developing it expect it to be messy, ambiguous and encounter setbacks. It should also be flexible enough to accommodate small initiatives and changes as it progresses. Lewis (1997) {, 1997, Building a Shared Vision. A leaders guide to aligning the organisation.} states that a vision should show the promised land and inspire and exit people when they come to work. A note from Levin (2000) {, 2000, Vision Revisited: Telling the story of the future.} that visions if not deployed or understood correctly can become confused with other organisation terminology such as mission statements and strategies. Collins Parros (1996) {, 1996, Building Your Companys Vision} suggest that a vision can be broken down into two major components 1. A core ideology which is the glue for holding the vision together. 2. An envisioned future. These are then broken down again into parts such as core values, core purpose they also suggest a vision should show the future for the next 10-30 years Section 3.1.2. Why have a vision? Field Marshal Bernard L. Montgomery held the view that the leader must know what he himself wants. He must see his objective clearly and then strive to attain it; he must let everyone know what he wants and what are the basic fundamentals of his policies and that Every single soldier must know, before he goes into battle, how the little battle he is to fight fits into the larger picture, and how the success of his fighting will influence the battle as a whole. The whole army then goes into battle knowing what is wanted and how it is to be achieved. (Information supplied from Lancaster University course work Inspiring and Enthusing Others ) http://msc.manufacturinginstitute.co.uk/index.html. Lewis (1997) {, 1997, Building a Shared Vision. A leaders guide to aligning the organisation.} states that having a shared vision promotes motivation, meaning a direction and that a vision is vital to any great organisation. Research also found that a vision could help jumpstart and mobilise people to start progressing towards it and that it possess a potency adding a sense of purpose Nanus cited in Levin (2000) {, 2000, Vision Revisited: Telling the story of the future.} Collins Porras (1996) {, 1996, Building Your Companys Vision} provides evidence that organisations that hold a strong vision out performed the stock market by a factor of 12. Evidence provided through surveys states that having a vision aides the organisation and those who use one to empower others are more likely to be successful at managing change. by Larwood et al (1995) {, 1995, STRUCTURE AND MEANING OF ORGANIZATIONAL VISION} A vision also has a positive impact on employees performance and attitudes Kirkpatrick and Locke. (1996) to such an extent that it positively affected organisational-level performance measured by growth in sales, profit, employment and net worth. Baum, et al (1998). cited by Levin (2000) {, 2000, Vision Revisited: Telling the story of the future.} Kotter (2007) {, 2007, Leading Change} Stated in his eight steps to transforming your business shown in the table No2 below that step No 3 developing a vision is a vital part that should be completed as part of any change process and that you need to take time to get the team to establish it. Kotter also advises that you should use a vision as a tool to give direction. He states it should show clear intent Kotter cited by Hope, J. Bunce, P. (2008) {, 2008, Beyond Budgeting: Change Management} and believes it helps peoples decision making and strategy development. Lewis (1997) {, 1997, Building a Shared Vision. A leaders guide to aligning the organisation.} prescribes following the six phase steps shown below where he uses the hard and soft sides of management to build and implement a shared Levin (2000) {, 2000, Vision Revisited: Telling the story of the future.} also suggests that a vision can be used as a teaching tool as it gives direction and shows long term plans as well as being able to influence attitudes and behaviours. One noticeable quote when planning your vision implementation is one stated by Collins Parros. (1996) {, 1996, Building Your Companys Vision} A vision is never completed and when you think you have achieved it you should you should re-plan and replace it with another one. This is also supported by Lewis (1997) {, 1997, Building a Shared Vision. A leaders guide to aligning the organisation.} who states that a vision should always be just beyond reach and therefore requires continuously refined The literature reviewed has provided strong evidence to why you should have a vision and communicate it. It is now the intention of the author to complete a review in the form of a questionnaire to see if his new department are aware of the organisation vision. Checked for References, Quotes, et al etc up to here Checked for References, Quotes, et al etc from here SECTION 3.2 Literature Review for Leadership Styles This section of the report researches the difference between a manager and a leader. The report then goes on to investigate the difference in transactional and transformational leadership styles. It does not consider democratic, autocratic, lassie faire or if you are an X or a Y on McGregors theory styles as the author believe through experience and past research understands that as a manager or leader you select the best style you can to suite the situation at hand. The author also notes that if you can master this ability you will naturally move up the LMX Member. Leadership scale as you will have mastered some emotional intelligence. This report supplies the foundation for understanding what style of manager / leaders are within the SMS dept. 3.2.1. Research regarding a manager or leader:- Zaleznik et al (1997) {, 1977, Managers and leaders: Are they different?} suggests that manager and leaders are different. That they are different type of people and have different personalities, suggesting that a manager: Maintain a balance of operations. Managers rationally select goals to pursue to achieve outputs. Is a problem solver. Select goals and allocate resource. Use their experiences to get what is required. Relate to people by the role they play and power they hold. Like to work with other and dislike working on their own. and that to be a manager it takes persistence, tough mindedness, hard work, intelligence, analytical ability, tolerance and good will. Kotter (2001) {, 2001, What Leaders Really Do} supports this and states that management is about coping with complexity and argues it brings order and consistency. Zaleznik et al (1997) {, 1977, Managers and leaders: Are they different?} suggests leaders:- Create new ways of completing task. Explore more. Need to use their inspirational skills to influence people. Have the capability to motivate people in different ways. Kotter (2001) {, 2001, What Leaders Really Do} suggests the same and quotes that leadership is about coping with change and aligning people with their goals and getting people to believe goals. Kotter (1990) {, 1990, A force for change: how leadership differs from management} in his article A Force for Change developed the following table to explain what he believed were the comparison of leadership and management. In short Kotter (2001) {, 2001, What Leaders Really Do} states that:- Management controls people by pushing them in the right direction. Leadership motivates them by satisfying basic human needs A view note from Zaleznik et al (1997) {, 1977, Managers and leaders: Are they different?} is that leaders are more prominent than managers in time of stress such as financial decline or wars as they are more entrepreneurial. Goleman, D. (2000) {, 2000, LEADERSHIP THAT GETS RESULTS} who also supports the view that leaders set strategy, motivate, create visions and build cultures. Also states that successful leaders have up to six styles shown in table No4 below and that they can use to complete their tasks and those leaders who perform best have mastered four of these styles namely: Authorities, Democratic, Affiliate, Coaching. Goleman, D. (2000) {, 2000, LEADERSHIP THAT GETS RESULTS} states that good leaders can match the appropriate style within seconds for the situation and circumstances to get the best from the follower. He also believed that by developing emotional intelligence you could learn to instinctively select the appropriate leadership style to gain the best from the situation. The author now intends to use a questionnaire for the team leaders in his new department to investigate to see which of the two styles they represent. From the results of the questionnaire the author should understand the team leaders manager or leader style so he can best us of it during a programme of change. 3.2.2. Transactional or Transformational Leaders:- To commence this section lets firstly look select a definition of leadership as written by Tannenbaurm, Weschief, Massarik, (1961) cited by Wofford Goodwin (1998) {, 1998, A field study of a cognitive approach to understanding transformational and transactional} Leadership is Interpersonal influence exercised in situations and directed, through the communication process, towards the attainment of a specific goal or goals then research what style of leadership could achieve this. We could look at research stating:- McGregors Theory X Theory Y. Blake and Motons country club, Team Leader, Impoverish, Authoritarian leadership styles. Autocratic, Democratic, Lassie Faire styles Facilitating, Coaching, Delegating, Directing styles. But literature produced by B. Bass has captured the authors interest by suggesting that the transformational leader has the most effective style of leadership. cited by Wofford Goodwin (1998) {, 1998, A field study of a cognitive approach to understanding transformational and transactional} B. Bass discusses the difference between a transactional and transformational leader Cited in Transactional revisited by Whittington (2009) {, 2009, Transactional Leadership Revisited: Self-Other Agreement and Its Consequences} stating that the transformational leader can become the most appropriate style of leaderships as this type of leader has the knowledge and emotional intelligence to adapt and react to the situation or circumstances. This view is supported by Graem Uhl-Bien (1995) {, 1995 Summer, Relationship-based approach to leadership: Development of leader-member exchange (LMX) theory of leadership over 25 years: Applying a multi-level multi-domain perspective} who suggest that the transformational leader provides the most effective type of Leader-Member Exchange. Suggesting that if performed correctly this can become a very influential and productive way of managing the role and managing the follower. Bernard Bass (1990) {, 1990, FROM TRANSACTIONAL TO TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP LEARNING TO SHARE THE VISION} defined the benefits provided from the two types of leadership styles as:- Transformational Leader. Gets his followers to look beyond their own self interest for the good of the group. Pay close attention to individual followers not just the group. Provides vision. Gains respect and trust. Uplift morale of their followers. Suggest new ways of solving problems. Can instil pride and commitment into his employees Show more maturity and better results on the leader member exchange (LMX ) surveys. Transactional Leader. Satisfies the self interest of a follower. Provides promises of recognition. Uses pay increases as reward. Uses personal advancement as reward. Penalises employees for not doing well. Disciplines employees for not doing well. Monitors deviation from standards. Bass (1990) {, 1990, FROM TRANSACTIONAL TO TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP LEARNING TO SHARE THE VISION} also states that the transformational leaders can make massive differences to an organisation effecting its health, well-being and performance. Wofford Goodwin (1994) cited in by Whittington (2009) {, 2009, Transactional Leadership Revisited: Self-Other Agreement and Its Consequences} provide more benefits stating that there is a predictable result of behaviours and outcomes between leadership styles and that transformational leader have consistently shown the highest levels of good results. Graen and Uhl-Biens cited by Howell (1999) {, 1999, The ties that bind: The impact of Leader-Membership Exchange`, Transformational and Transactional Leadership`, and Distance on Predicting Followers Performance.} state that there is a higher positive leader-follower relationship and better performance from followers from the transformational leader. Mumford (2000) {, 2000, LEADERSHIP SKILLS: CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS} endorses these benefits and also adds that because of the present day climate industries need to be more flexible as transformational leader have better capabilities to aide the organisation in adapting quickly in environments of change. Literature continues and states that these two differing styles of leadership work differently and relate differently with their followers. Whittington (2009) {, 2009, Transactional Leadership Revisited: Self-Other Agreement and Its Consequences} states that transactional leaders need to have clear roles and responsibilities where transformational leader and followers dont. Whittington (2009) {, 2009, Transactional Leadership Revisited: Self-Other Agreement and Its Consequences} developed the understanding that there is a distance relationship between the success of the transactional or transformational leader. This research suggests that a transformational leader needs to be closer to his followers to influence them and get the best from their potential and that this is not required from the transactional leader. He states it is due to the transformational leader needing to develop a feeling of trust with the followers and interact more directly when he guides them. He suggests this leader needs this closeness to provide the environment for close personal communications when inspiring, empowering, stimulating and motivating his followers So if there are such benefits to the transformational style of management then we should look for them or look to develop them. Bruce J. Avalio et al (1999) {, 1999, Re-examining the components of transformational and transactional leadership using the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire} state that the best questionnaire to use for this research is the Multifunctional Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ). If it is found that we only have transactional leaders then we know from the research completed by Bass (1990) that through training these can be developed into transformational leaders. Avolio et al (1999) {, 1999, Re-examining the components of transformational and transactional leadership using the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire} suggests this could actually be more beneficial as he recognised that it is an actual part of the evolution of the transformational leader to have gone through a transactional leader stage. Whittington (2009) {, 2009, Transactional Leadership Revisited: Self-Other Agreement and Its Consequences} supports this and argues that armed with the capabilities of both styles of leadership, the best leader is the one who can understand when to use the appropriate style to match the situation or circumstance. Checked for References, Quotes, et al etc to here Checked for References, Quotes, et al etc from here 3.2. 3. Leadership Model for change:- The final Section of the literature review is it to develop an understanding of a model for change. The author has not research tools used to implement change i.e. stakeholder analysis, Force Fields analysis, Readiness analysis and planning tools used to plan progress along a change implementation i.e. Master schedules, Project management tools etc. Although the author appreciates that these are part of the process and are used to aide change implementation. He has instead looked to define a model for change which he can use when venturing into and through any change programme he executes. This literature review found that there are a considerable number of models available to aid implement change. One of which is Kotter ( 2007) {, 2007, Leading Change} Eight Steps to Transform Your Organisation shown below. According to Kotter (2007) {, 2007, Leading Change if you fail to complete and plan these eight steps you will cause the change to fail. Steps:- Increase urgency Build the guiding team Get the vision right Communicate for buy-in Empowers action Create short-term wins Dont let up Make change stick He recommends keeping the steps simple and plan them before you execute them then you will have more chance of achieving your goal. Rosabeth Moss Kanter cited by Hope, J Bunce, P. in Beyond budgeting Change Management (2008) {, 2008, Beyond Budgeting: Change Management} however described a five step process:- Communicating a compelling vision. Building a coalition. Transferring ownership to a working team. Learning to preserve. Making everyone a hero. From Kotters studies he argues that change fails because people are inexperienced and do not appreciating the process of change. According to Kotter (2007) {, 2007, Leading Change} he has viewed many organisations who have failed at implementing change due to this even though they have been attempted under different named initiatives. This view is supported by Bernard Burnes (2003) {, 2003, Managing change and changing managers from ABC TO XYZ} who argues that we need to consider developing the people that execute the change as well as the steps of the change. This is also supported by Kanter who cited by Hope, J Bunce, P. in Beyond Budgeting: Change Management (2008) {, 2008, Beyond Budgeting: Change Management} suggests that people need to change their behaviours to allow a change to happen. Kotter (2007) {, 2007, Leading Change} emphasises that change goes through phases and should be seen as a long term challenge and not a short term fix. Kanter cited by Hope, J Bunce, P. in Beyond Budgeting: Change Management (2008) {, 2008, Beyond Budgeting: Change Management} states that change should not be regarded as bold strokes but long marches. Zhongjun et al (2004) {, Dec 2004, An innovation process model for identifying manufacturing paradigms.} suggests that by identifying and challenging paradigms is a way of modelling your change. He argues that you can use this similar to using Lean Manufacturing techniques to identify your changes. Lean Manufacturing techniques are again another way to model you changes. Another view of modelling the change process is by gaining an understanding of what people go through when they are involved in change. Here suggested by William Bridges cited by Hope, J Bunce, P. in Beyond budgeting Change Management (2008) {, 2008, Beyond Budgeting: Change Management} where he describe that people go through a three step process:- Ending When people let go of their old identity Neutral zone When old behaviours die out and people go dormant for a while. Beginning When people get a new out look and a new sense of purpose. Lewin cited by Bamford, D. Forrester, P. (2003) {, 2003, Managing planned and emergent change within an operations management environment.} suggests that people go through three stages of learning when within a change programme Freezing Clinging to what you know. Unfreezing Exploring ideas. Refreezing Identifying new skills and attitude with previously held ones. It is also noted that people go through other such effects when involved in change such as effects on their self esteem transitions of change, they resist change and they can become blockers or inhibit change which can to be used to model the change progress and progress. By completing this research the author has noted many different ways you can model change and different ways you can use these models to aide change. The author now intends to conduct a survey on the team leaders within the SMS dept to show how effective a model for change had been during a recent change programme in the dept. Checked for References, Quotes, et al etc to here

novella :: essays research papers

Why do Filipinos Love Asian Drama? Asian novellas are what’s in these days. They are shown on almost every local TV Channel, sold on DVD and VCD in stores to sidewalks. What do these Asian-novellas have that make them very popular to us Filipinos? Why do Filipinos love Asian Drama? As a watcher of Asian novellas myself, I have seen that it is easy for us Filipinos to relate and appreciate these Asian novellas because these are shows played by actors who are our co-Asians. Watching Asian actors give us a sense of being at home. Filipino TV viewers are, I think quite tired of the local tele-novellela’s usual plots, storylines twists, and actors. Our tele-novellas’ story flow often take lots of episodes before anything meaningful happens. We Filipinos are tired of the same actors that switch roles for every new tele-novella. New, Asian actors, plots and storylines are a break from the usual race and faces of tele-novellas. The new Asian novellas that have taken us by storm have rather complicated storylines which people enjoy very much because for once in their lives they can experience a non-clichà © novella. I myself find the storyline of different Asian novellas that I’ve watch at least for a short while very amusing. The storyline is always unexpected.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Fast-paced Asian-novellas are injected with very funny scenes that include clever situations, jokes and even funny faces. You will also be surprised that even though these shows are from other Asian countries, the experiences of the actors are not very far from our day-to-day experiences that we might have. Viewers of Asian-novellas can also grasp a few foreign words and terms from sub-titled Asian novellas. That would be enjoying and learning at the same time! . My favorite Asian novella so far is a K-drama (Korean Drama) entitled Ruler of Your Own World (ROYOW). Though it has the formula plot (fatal disease, love triangle), it has a very unique storyline. And the actors weren’t even good-looking. ROYOW just had the right actors mixed with an exciting storyline. Storylines are what people are after in dramas. You can have the same plot but have millions of storylines. This is sad to say what is lacking in Philippine television.

Crack’s Effect on New York City Essay -- Illegal Drugs Crack Essays

Crack’s Effect on New York City In the summer of 1985, New York City was introduced to the drug crack. The ensuing seventeen years have culminated into some of the most turbulent, and crime ridden years in the history of New York City. Crack is the street name for a form of cocaine introduced in the mid-1980s. Crack is smoked, rather then sniffed through the nose, or injected, which are all other ways to use cocaine. Users of the drug inhale the vapors that are given off when the crack is heated (Berger pg.20). Crack cannot burn, and in order to give off the drugs vapors it must be heated to a very high temperature. After the crack has been heated the user will proceed to inhale the vapors. The drug will then pass from the lungs to the person’s bloodstream and then reaches the brain, all within seconds. The user will immediately feel the euphoric sensation that crack brings. Crack is the strongest form of cocaine available. A New York state drug prosecutor put it this way, â€Å"Crack is to cocaine what the atom bomb is to TNT† (Berger pg.21). Crack is extremely addictive and users are usually left addicted after just one use. The drug is relatively cheap and a $10 vial is enough for two hits. The drug will eventually become a very expensive habit though. The high that crack gives is very short-lived and the user finds his or herself in a horrible cycle where they will crave the drug over and over. An addicted user will have a habit that will cost any where from $100-$1500 a day. The user will often steal and commit crimes to supplement their habit. The risks of getting hooked on crack are far greater than with other forms of cocaine. Addicts, who used cocaine only occasionally, said that after ... ...Edmondo. Cocaine. University or Arizona Press. 1989 Scott, Peter D. Cocaine Politics. University of California Press. 1991 Trebach, Arnold. The Great Drug War. MacMillen Publishing Co. 1987 Tullis, LaMond. Handbook on research of Illicit Drug Traffic. Greenwood Press 1991 Newspaper articles Barron, James. â€Å"Woman Throws Her Two sons From Fourth Floor†. New York Times. Nov. 28, 1986, Final ed. Sect B. Egan, Tim. â€Å"A Drug Runs its Course, Then Hid with its Users†. New York Times. Sept. 19,1999, Sun. ed. Sect A Kerr, Peter. â€Å"City is Setting Up New drug Squad†. New York Times. May 22,1986, Late ed. Sect A Kerr, Peter. â€Å"Crack Burdening a Justice System†. New York Times. Nov. 24,1986, Late ed. Sect A Lubasch, Arnold H. â€Å"US Breaks up Major Crack Ring in New York†. New York Times. July 31, 1987, Late ed. Sect B

Dreams Rem :: essays research papers

Dreams are a form of cognitive activity that occur during sleep. Like vivid memories and daytime fantasies, dreams involve visual images in the absence of external visual stimulation. Some dreams are so realistic and well organized that we feel as though they must be real-- that we simply cannot be dreaming this time. Dreaming has always been the subject of controversy. Egyptian papyrus documents dating back to 2000 BC discuss dreams and their interpretations. In ancient Greece the dreamer was believed to be in contact with the gods. In 1900, Sigmund Freud ushered in the modern age of dream research in his monumentally original book The Interpretation of dreams. According to Freud, dreams have a meaning which can be deciphered if one looks deeply enough. In his view, the dreams concerns the dreamers past and present, and it arises from unknown regions within. He saw the dream as significantly analogous to a hysterical symptom. On the surface, they both appear meaningless and bizarre, but they become understandable when understood as veiled expressions of an unconscious clash between competing motives. Freud developed an elaborate theory and how the mind works while asleep. In 1953 sleep researchers led by Nathaniel Kleitman made the important discovery of rapid eye movement--or REM-- sleep. Curious about the long-standing observation that the eyeballs of sleeping subjects in both humans and animals periodically move during sleep, they connected laboratory subjects to equipment that measured their brain waves, muscle tone, and eye movement. About 90% of the time when subjects were awakened during REM sleep, they reported a dream. Prior to laboratory REM research, it was unknown how frequently Humans dreamed. Some theories even held that dreaming was a signal of mental disturbance. With laboratory REM research, however, subjects can be awakened after each REM period in order for researchers to extensively sample most mental activity that occurs during sleep. It was discovered that humans, and all mammals--except the echidna or spiny anteater, and perhaps the duckbill platypus-- dream every night. In adult humans these dreams begin about 90 minutes after the sleep begins and recur about 90 minutes apart with increasing length, for a total of nearly 2 hours of REM dreaming per night. With approximately five dreams a night, humans will have about 136,000 dreams in a lifetime, spending the equivalent of six years in a REM dream state. For a newborn, REM sleep constitutes 50% of sleep.

Global Business Plan: Taskrabbit Essay

Task Rabbit is an online and mobile marketplace that connects people to accomplish certain tasks. Some may be tedious, such as errand running and others maybe be more engaging, like planning a large event. Their â€Å"network of background checked TaskRabbits can handle everything from laundry to graphic design,† (â€Å"About†). Thus far, the company engages in the domestic service market only. Subsequently, the following global business plan was developed to illustrate how Task Rabbit can enter the international business arena, starting in Australia. This plan will demonstrate why, in time, it is good idea for Task Rabbit to seek out the foreign market in an attempt to sell these services. Some of the key points it will cover are: the potential competitors currently in the Australian market, influential demographic trends, and geographic, economic and cultural factors that could influence this global business opportunity. There has been a multitude of personal concierges popping up in Australia since the early 2000’s. Professionals are busy people and time is everyone’s most valuable asset. Thus, it is the only thing we cannot buy, until now. Some of the potential competitors that Task Rabbit will face are: One Concierge, Someone Lifestyle Services and Concierge Connections. All of these companies are based in Sydney or Melborne but will service the whole area of Australia. Task Rabbit will overcome any barriers having to do with these competitors because their operations are slightly different from the rest. They allow the client to post the task or errand that needs to be completed and Task Rabbit â€Å"employees† bid on the job and the client can choose which person they want to go with. They can choose based on the reputation of the person or by the cost of their quote. It gives the clients options, which empowers them and puts in control. Australia currently does not have a service-based business like this, so Task Rabbit would thrive for this reason only. Not only does Task Rabbit grant the client power, they have had so much success in the United States since their inception so their positive image will serve as a benefit to them as well. When one is attempting to enter into the international business arena it is important to look at any demographic trends that could influence the success and effectiveness of the organization. Utilizing a personal concierge can be viewed as a luxury service, and it is to most people. Some people in Australia may not be able to afford this service, but when the overall demographics of Australia are observed, it is clear that there is a market for this type of personalized concierge service. About 54% of Australia is made up of individuals ages 25-64 years of age and these are the majority of the people who would be using Task Rabbit (Australia). The following graph shows some of the wealth and distribution of Australia (â€Å"Australian†). It also notes that the median household income and net worth is comparable to that of the American median household income. This is another good indication that Task Rabbit has the potential to succeed in Australia given it has flourished thus far in the United States. The Australian economy is a capitalist nation and is a large driver and support for entrepreneurship and innovation. The growth of their economy can partly be attributed to entrepreneurs who have created many jobs with their start up companies. With all these jobs and more people having less time to take care of their personal and administrative tasks, warrants a need for additional help. This claim further solidifies why Task Rabbit will be profitable in Australia. Variables one must examine when looking at geographic factors are mostly natural resources and the distance from world markets (Willkie). Fortunately, Australia is a developed nation and they have roadways and infrastructure to allow Task Rabbit to be successful. Furthermore, natural resources will not have any bearing on the success of Task Rabbit. As previously stated, the culture of Australia is highly innovative with a entrepreneurial business acumen. This is why their culture will lend a hand in the success of the Task Rabbit venture. Australians are receptive to new businesses developing around them and are willing to try new things. In the United States, Task Rabbit has set a high standard for delivering quality service to its customers. Part of Task Rabbit’s purpose is â€Å"connecting busy people who need a little extra time with entrepreneurial people who need a little extra money. It’s an elegant, singular solution to two big problems. Participating in the TaskRabbit community provides people on both sides of the marketplace with the resources and freedom to do what they love,† (â€Å"About†). Task Rabbit is booming in the United States and it seems as though there is a willing market in Australia, which seems simply enough it has a great chance of success in Australia. There would be many challenges Task Rabbit would face if they were to seek out the foreign market. Despite those challenges, I believe Task Rabbit will succeed based on the success and support they have received in the United States. The market in Australia demonstrates a need for this service-based business and it is auspicious time for Task Rabbit to capitalize on.

David Abram Ecology of Magic

Humans atomic number 18 born from and dedicate to earth at death piece beings and character argon bound up each early(a). Yet, the technological innovative mankind has shaped serviceman to be oblivious of temperament and the ethnocentrism has positioned homoity beings above all another(prenominal)(a) things. spirit has become resources for plenty and nothing much than that. David Abram, the author of the Ecology of illusion, travels into the wild, tralatitious undercoat in search of the relation surrounded by conjury and constitution the meaning nature concords in the conventional cultures.Abram intends to make it his recognition of the jokeal aw beness of the countless apelike entities and the necessity of the balance betwixt the gay communities and the nature to the readers, hoping the Western technologized pack to dissemble nature with comply and wonder. The perceptional differences Westerners and the conventional people hold in impact of natur e should be transcended to give equilibrium and hence act ab come in a healthier society. What is it that Abram experiences in the traditional earthly concern of Indonesia?Abram is also one of the Westerners who lived all his life in the modern technological world he once was a person who did not know the true value of nature. However, in the traditional, oral land, the author succeeds in overcoming the perceptional differences and realizes the grandness nature holds in his life. During the travel, Abram purposefully encounters and befriends the traditional dissimulationians or sorcerers with his sleight of roll magic that buys interest from them.As the author states, For magicians whether modern entertainers or indigenous tribal sorcerers hold in in parking area the fact that they fashion with the malle commensurate cereal of perception (Abram, 3), the common ground of departing with the malleable texture of perception has let Abram to look much closely into the act ivities the magicians per var. in the traditional oral land. As Abram works his work force to trick the audience, thereby working with the perceptions of the audiences, the magicians interest in shedding the accepted perceptual logic to enter into relation with other entities.The main(a) objective of the magicians, at first, seems to be healers as they participate in treating the sicknesses however, Abram get a lines that the magicians hold a more important mapping in the human communities. They act as the intermediaries surrounded by the human world and the nature. The diseases that interpenetrate the village originate from the imbalance between the nature and the human world and the magicians work with the primary ca make use of of the sicknesses.The basic image of treating the illnesses differs from the Western doctors who perform surgeries as the magicians, nourishment at the periphery of the human communities, desire to communicate with the nature, consequently strivi ng to achieve equilibrium. The prayers, praises and the propitiations given to the nature in return for the nourishment and sustenance it provides to human communities do not seem forthright at first, even to Abram the magicians primary role completely seems as ceremonious traditions that hold no meaning for the villagers who only yearn for visual and direct handling of the diseases.Yet, as Abram suggests, and it was only gradually that I became aware of this more subtle dimension of the native magicians foxiness (8), while living in the outback(a) traditional land and experiencing the diverse, rather several(predicate) performances, the author was able to notice and learn seeing and hearing things in distinct manners. To see and hear in a manner I never had onward (15) was not something that Abram learnt with his head, but rather a feeling obtained with his skin.By shift key out humans awareness to other various nonhuman beings and saying in the perspective of those intell igences (7), Abram was able to hold paying attention and astonishment for nature and realize the impressiveness of the balance. Just by staring into the spiders, the birds, the river and the wind, Abram was able to communicate with these nonhuman entities and see the immenseness these beings hold in human beings periodical lives.The basis of the perceptional difference lies in the upright difference in how the traditional and the Westerners regard the relation between magic and nature. In the Western world, magic is defined as the ability to alter ones knowingness at will. The magicians perform hand tricks to startle the senses and free the audience from the superannuated and restricted thoughts by inspiring awe and surprises within the individuals. This is the common image that we bring up when thinking of the word magic and magician.Westerners find no relation between magic and nature as the devil are thought as deuce distinct concepts. However, people of the oral, traditi onal land conjure up different fancy in regard of magic and nature. The two are correlated concepts as magic can be defined as humans experience their own consciousness as simply one form of awareness among galore(postnominal) others (7). Magic is shifting out ones consciousness to put it in others shoes. The others indicate the many beings regarded to nonplus intelligence, the components of nature.By thinking in the perspective of other nonhuman entities, as Abram succeeded in doing in the traditional land, the magicians communicate with the nature. As the author mentions, Countless anthropologists take for managed to overlook the ecological dimension of the shamans craft, while writing at great length of the shamans rapport with eerie entities (6), the Western people simply fail to recognize the alliance between nature and magic because they discombobulate been raised to think of what is beyond humans will as the supernatural rather than in the dimensions of nature.Human b eings, in the technological, modern world, stands above all other things as the ethnocentrism has shaped people to think in human-based terms the surrounding environment, including the rocks, mountains, and the animals, need been placed there for human use and nothing more than that. They are entities with no senses, no thoughts, and no feelings. Humans are the only beings with intelligence. The busy daily lives form due to the advanced technology have shaped people to simply recall the existence of other entities and perceive things other than humans as non-meaningful.Abram, too, adjusts to the modern world and returns to his original life as a Westerner who fails to regard nature with respect when he goes back to his homeland from Indonesia. despite all the feelings and knowledge gained in the traditional land, because of the technology and the ethnocentrism Abram fails to continue his communication with the nature. Yet, the greatness of respect for nature and the balance betw een nature and human beings should be grasp by the modern society people.As the author has witnessed, The sad results of our interactions with the rest of nature were being reported in any newspaper from the depletion of topsoil due to industrial farming techniques to the fouling of groundwater by industrial wastes (20), the damages spurred on the nature due to humans endless desires result in dire situations of extinction of animals and the rapid destruction of the tropical forests. The broken equilibrium causes diseases to sprinkle the society.Constant advancements in technology do not work out to be the damages done to human beings and the nature. What should be taken for human use should be compensated for to the nature balance is the about fundamental way to end the nefarious cycle that constantly damages both human beings and the nature. Modern people should not disregard the relation between magic and nature. Understanding the importance nature holds for human beings would arouse the magical forces of the equilibrium.