Neighborhood Crime Rates - 2544 Words

What variables affect the difference in crime rates throughout the neighborhoods of a city? By Anna Burns Introduction: This project is a focus on how variables such as population, ethnicity, and income affect crime rates throughout different neighborhoods throughout a city. I feel that this information finding this information could be useful to many people. For example if you are looking to buy a new home or even start a new business, you’ll probably want it located in a safe neighborhood. This study will help identify the signs of a safe neighborhood. Knowing why crime rates are higher in some areas may also help prevent the crime rate to rise in other neighborhoods. For example, if crime rates are higher in neighborhoods with†¦show more content†¦With white being the predominate race, the graph is slightly left skewed. When I test to see if ethnicity has an effect on crime rates, I will test Hispanic/Latino, Black/African American, and Asian ethnicities. Estimation: The first test I will perform is Chi-Square test of independence to compare my categorical data I have against above and below median crime rates. I will be testing above and below averages for population, income, percent white, percent black/African American, percent Hispanic/Latino, percent Asian. I will also be testing direction. H0: There is no association between the row variable and the column variable. H1: There is an association between the row variable and the column variable. H0: There is no association between the row variable and the column variable. H1: There is an association between the row variable and the column variable. To test the null hypothesis, if the P-Value of the test is less than 0.05 I will reject the null hypothesis. Tabulated statistics: PopCat, CrimeCat Rows: PopCat Columns: CrimeCat Above Below Median Median Crime R Crime R All Above Median Pop 25 15 40 13.81 26.19 40.00 Below Median Pop 4 40 44 15.19 28.81 44.00 AllShow MoreRelatedGentrification And Its Effects On Society872 Words   |  4 Pages Although gentrification makes an unsecured and, poor neighborhood improved,it also makes people that lived there have psychological problems and it affects there lives in a negative and positive way. Gentrification improves neighborhood because they renew the old buildings , build more stores , more security comes ,and that s what makes gentrification positive in society. Negative things about this is that make people displace and it interfered with society culture. Personally gentrification isRead MoreThe Civil Rights Act Of 19641689 Words   |  7 Pagesprominent is segregation in today’s society? In particular, Chicago, the third largest city in the United States, poses interesting dynamics concerning this question. For one, the city consistently has high crime and murder rates in specific areas, while other parts of the city show low rates in comparison. One researcher Richard Reeves st ates, Even in a country marked by high levels of segregation, Chicago stands out (qtd. in Luhby). Therefore, many would agree that laws prohibiting segregationRead MoreCrime Data Comparison Paper813 Words   |  4 PagesCRIME DATA COMPARISON PAPER –Murder Rate According to the FBI Unified Crime Report for 2009, there were 385 murders in that year. The total population for Detroit in 2009 was just over 951,000. (The Neighborhood Scout, 2009) In Minneapolis, a city with about one-half the population of Detroit, the number of murders was 47. Not only is the population less than Detroit, the murder rate 6 times lower than Detroit. Here you can see that population seems to play a role in the amount of murders for theseRead MoreWhat Causes The High Crime Rates?1253 Words   |  6 PagesCrime, no one like this words. Crime happened means that innocent people are being hurt. People would like to live in a safe area. According to the crime data analysis, the crime rate in Cincinnati was much higher than the U.S. average from 2000 to 2012 (http://www.city-data.com/crime/). With such higher crime rates, it not only causes bad impacts on local residents’ lives, but also reduces the population of Cincinnati—people are tending to move out of Cincinnati. To know why and what causes theRead MoreThe Border Cities Of El Paso And Ciudad Juarez1525 Words   |  7 PagesEl Paso is a Texas city on the Texas/Mexico border, and in 2014 it was the city with the lowest crime rate in the US ; Ciudad Juarez, on the other hand was known as one of the deadliest cities in Mexico . Along with the differences in crime rates, El Paso and Ciudad Juarez have many differences that make them clear examples of the advantage that Texas border cities hold over Mexican border cities. Crime In 2010, Ciudad Juarez was one of the most violent cities in all of Mexico with 3,057 murdersRead MoreEssay on A Portrait of Southside Flats1991 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction to the Neighborhood Situated on the Monongahela River is the neighborhood of Southside Flats. Within its boundaries is one of the entertainment hubs of Pittsburgh. The main thoroughfare of E Carson St. is inhabited with bars, restaurants, and nightclubs. The early history of the neighborhood saw it as a beacon of industry with its proximity to rivers and railways. At the end of the nineteenth century, it would boast a steelworks factory that employed a sizable portion of the SouthsideRead MoreCrime and Urban Decay938 Words   |  4 Pages Crime and Urban Decay Introduction It is commonly believed that communities with the highest level of crime are those that have the most urban decay. This is frequently referred to as the Broken Windows theory, which was originally posited by Wilson and Kelling. They believed that active policing would reduce the amount of disorderliness and petty crime in a neighborhood. The reduction in crime would, in turn, increase neighborhood involvement, which would reduce violent crime rates (WilsonRead MoreCentral Policing And The Broken Windows Theory1263 Words   |  6 Pages The decline of crime that has been the subject of a touchy debate is the order and the care policing and the broken windows theory. The central policing tactic in New York since the 1990s has been the violent prohibition of citizens through street encounters in the search for weapons or drugs. Research showed that minority citizens in the 1990s were unreasonably stopped, frisked and searched at rates significantly higher than would be predicted by the ir race-specific crime rates, and that this excessRead MoreSocial Structural Theories Of Crime1540 Words   |  7 PagesSocial structural theories of crime can help determine why some neighborhoods are either more prone to violence and crime and why some neighborhoods are not. There are multiple types of theories that have their merits, but when analyzing my own neighborhood, the collective efficacy and social disorganization theories can be best applied in understanding why the neighborhood is not prone to violence and crime. Collective efficacy is the idea that communities have to be organized towards achievingRead MoreCommunity Corrections1288 Words   |  6 PagesNeighborhood Crime Prevention Program Denrick Lewis CJ 521 October 2, 2012 Neighborhood Crime Prevention Program Introduction Neighborhood crime prevention program is part of a comprehensive package that is implemented to deter and prevent crime within neighborhoods by involving the residents. It involves a neighborhood watch where people watch over their neighbors’ safety. It works through neighbors within a residence who are supposed to look out for suspicious issues and incidents and

Analysis Of Pinker s The, And The Expanding Circle By...

Pinker challenges the misconception about the amount of violence in the current period compared to previous periods in human history. Pinker goes on to utilize a background of historical evidence such as historical wars and the severity of punishments for crimes committed. In the past, minor crimes such as theft could result in a death punishment. Pinker demonstrates how punishments have become less violent for the crimes committed. Additionally, there appears to be more signs of human empathy towards others, aside from inner circle members such as family and friends. Pinker demonstrates how the reduction of violence levels could have attributed to media reporting, international trade, global communications and large central governments. Furthermore, Pinker’s theorizes plausible explanations attributed to Thomas Hobbes’s â€Å"Leviathan†, a wide spread sentiment that ‘life is cheap’, Robert Wright’s â€Å"Nonzero-sum Games†, and the â⠂¬Å"Expanding Circle† by Peter Singer. In Pinker’s presentation, â€Å"The Surprising Decline in Violence† Pinker states the decline in violence is a ‘fractal phenomenon’ with the â€Å"tipping point starting at the Age of Reason in the sixteenth century†. The supporting evidence is divided into Four sub categories consisting of the Millennium Scale, the Century Scale, the Decade Scale and the Year Scale. Pinker begins the Millennium Scale at around 10,000 years ago, when humans were believed to be primarily hunters and gathers, at which point Pinker presents a graph

Kill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee - 1619 Words

To Kill A Mockingbird, an award winning, bestseller, is a novel that was written by Harper Lee and was first published in the 1960s. Also, â€Å"In 1961, Harper Lee s To Kill a Mockingbird won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction after being on the bestseller list for more than 40 weeks.† (tkamcreative.weebly.com) This book first follows the main character, Scout Finch, in her childhood explorations and adventures with her friends and family. It later introduces a court case taken on by her father, which shows the true prejudice and hardship of the time they are living in. As the kids attempt to adapt to the harsh events that are caused by this, they grow immensely and learn that there are hardships for everyone that spread from the economic depression to discrimination. The real source of tension in Maycomb is the ongoing rift between the country folk - poor white farmers who have been â€Å"hit the hardest† by the economic catastrophe and the city folk - merchants and profe ssionals who are desperate to avoid slipping into absolute poverty. Caught in the middle of all this are the innocent characters - Boo Radley, Tom Robinson, and Dolphus Raymond - who are just trying to mind their own business. The Great Depression,which took place from 1929 to 1939, was an extremely deep and long lasting economic downturn that affected the Westernized world, which was triggered by the stock market crash in New York. This affected people who worked in the field of agriculture greatly becauseShow MoreRelatedKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1049 Words   |  5 PagesTo Kill a Mockingbird: How a Story could be based on True Events in Everyday LifeDaisy GaskinsCoastal Pines Technical Collegeâ€Æ'Harper Lee was born in Monroeville, Alabama. Her father was a former newspaper editor and proprietor, who had served as a state senator and practiced as a lawyer in Monroeville. Also Finch was known as the maiden name of Lee’s mother. With that being said Harper Lee bec ame a writer like her father, but she became a American writer, famous for her race relations novel â€Å"ToRead MoreTo Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee1000 Words   |  4 Pagesworld-wide recognition to the many faces of prejudice is an accomplishment of its own. Author Harper Lee has had the honor to accomplish just that through her novel, To Kill a Mockingbird, a moving and inspirational story about a young girl learning the difference between the good and the bad of the world. In the small town of Monroeville, Alabama, Nelle Harper Lee was born on April 28, 1926. Growing up, Harper Lee had three siblings: two sisters and an older brother. She and her siblings grew up modestlyRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1290 Words   |  6 PagesHarper Lee published To Kill a Mockingbird during a rough period in American history, also known as the Civil Rights Movement. This plot dives into the social issues faced by African-Americans in the south, like Tom Robinson. Lee felt that the unfair treatment towards blacks were persistent, not coming to an end any time in the foreseeable future. This dark movement drove her to publish this novel hopeful that it would encourage the society to realize that the harsh racism must stop. Lee effectivelyRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee873 Words   |  4 PagesIn the book, To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee illustrates that â€Å"it’s a sin to kill a mockingbird† throughout the novel by writing innocent characters that have been harmed by evil. Tom Robinson’s persecution is a symbol for the death of a mockingbird. The hunters shooting the bird would in this case be the Maycomb County folk. Lee sets the time in the story in the early 1950s, when the Great Depression was going on and there was poverty everywhere. The mindset of people back then was that blackRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee963 Words   |  4 Pagesgrowing up, when older characters give advice to children or siblings.Gr owing up is used frequently in the novel To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee. Harper Lee uses the theme growing up in To Kill a Mockingbird to change characters opinion, develop characters through their world, and utilizes prejudice to reveal growing up. One major cause growing up is used in To Kill a Mockingbird is to represent a change of opinion. One part growing up was shown in is through the trial in part two of the novelRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1052 Words   |  5 PagesTo Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee takes place in Maycomb County, Alabama in the late 30s early 40s , after the great depression when poverty and unemployment were widespread throughout the United States. Why is the preconception of racism, discrimination, and antagonism so highly related to some of the characters in this book? People often have a preconceived idea or are biased about one’s decision to live, dress, or talk. Throughout To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee examines the preconceptionRead MoreHarper Lee and to Kill a Mockingbird931 Words   |  4 PagesHarper Lee and her Works Harper Lee knew first hand about the life in the south in the 1930s. She was born in Monroeville, Alabama in 1926 (Castleman 2). Harper Lee was described by one of her friends as Queen of the Tomboys (Castleman 3). Scout Finch, the main character of Lees Novel, To Kill a Mockinbird, was also a tomboy. Many aspects of To Kill a Mockingbird are autobiographical (Castleman 3). Harper Lees parents were Amasa Coleman Lee and Frances Finch Lee. She was the youngestRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1695 Words   |  7 PagesIn To Kill a Mockingbird Harper Lee presents as a ‘tired old town’ where the inhabitants have ‘nowhere to go’ it is set in the 1930s when prejudices and racism were at a peak. Lee uses Maycomb town to highlight prejudices, racism, poverty and social inequality. In chapter 2 Lee presents the town of Maycomb to be poverty stricken, emphasised through the characterisation of Walter Cunningham. When it is discovered he has no lunch on the first day of school, Scout tries to explain the situation to MissRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1876 Words   |  8 PagesThough Harper Lee only published two novels, her accomplishments are abundant. Throughout her career Lee claimed: the Presidential Medal of Freedom, Pulitzer Prize for Fiction, Goodreads Choice Awards Best Fiction, and Quill Award for Audio Book. Lee was also inducted into the American Academy of Arts and Letters. This honor society is a huge accomplishment and is considered the highest recognition for artistic talent and accomplishment in the United States. Along with these accomplishments, herRead MoreKill A Mockingbird, By Harper Lee1197 Words   |  5 Pagessuch as crops, houses, and land, and money was awfully limited. These conflicts construct Harper Lee’s novel, To Kill a Mocking Bird. In To Kill a Mocking Bird, Lee establishes the concurrence of good and evil, meaning whether people are naturally good or naturally evil. Lee uses symbolism, characterization, and plot to portray the instinctive of good and evil. To Kill a Mocking Bird, a novel by Harper Lee takes place during the 1930s in the Southern United States. The protagonist, Scout Finch,

Humanities in the Early, High And Late Middle Ages Essay

Abstract Learning Team A will use several research methods including text, internet and other methods to explore the humanities and the effects and developments that the humanities of the Early, High and Late Middle ages had on society. We have made some very interesting findings and come up with some intriguing conclusions. The findings are most definitely in condensed form for the simplicity of our assignment, although if given an unbridled word count, surely we would demonstrate volumes of text form such interesting periods. The Early Middle Ages Before we can talk about humanities, we must first define the word â€Å"Humanities†. Humanities are the investigation of human beings and their culture and their self-expression.†¦show more content†¦He commissions lavish manuscript books, copies of sacred and classical tests, and sets a fashion emulated by his heirs. Some Carolingian books have gem-encrusted covers, purple-dyed pages, text written in gold and silver inks, and miniature illustrations executed in a lively, confident style. Court workshops also produced bronze figures, ivory carvings and treasure objects that incorporate precious metals, gemstones and antique cameos. (Central Europe, 2000-2005) After Charlemagne’s death, Western Europe again was torn in many different directions. Fiero (2002) states, â€Å"Charlemagne’s three grandsons divided the Empire among themselves, separating French form German-speaking territories† (p. 76). A new social class was defined during this time. Similar to the Roman social structure of plebian, patricians, and military men, the feudal system divided the classes again. According to Fiero (2002), â€Å"feudalism involved the exchange of land for military service. In return for the grant of land, a vassal owed his lord a certain number of fighting days (usually forty) per year† (p.76). During the holy wars, these men fought with honor and courage. The knights lived by the code of chivalry. Fiero (2002) defines chivalry as â€Å"courageous in battle, loyal to his lord and fellow warriors, and reverent toward women† (p. 77). While most of the population consisted of serfs, these knights and ladies were the ech elon of the feudal society. Art and literature during this time wereShow MoreRelatedEssay about Humanities in the Early, High and Late Middle Ages2248 Words   |  9 Pagesexplore the humanities and the effects and developments that the humanities of the Early, High and Late Middle ages had on society. We have made some very interesting findings and come up with some intriguing conclusions. The findings are most definitely in condensed form for the simplicity of our assignment, although if given an unbridled word count, surely we would demonstrate volumes of text form such interesting periods. The Early Middle Ages Before we can talk about humanities, we mustRead MoreImportant Developments in the Humanities During the Early, High and Late Middle Ages2443 Words   |  10 PagesDevelopments in the Humanities During the Early,High and Late Middle Ages The study of humanities allows us to explore the ways in which the changing concepts of nature and the individual differ in each historical period and helps us to characterize the important developments of each period. Examining specific works of the Middle Ages enables us to describe our views of the changes that occur and helps to explain how and why the concepts evolved the way they did. The Middle Ages provided a uniqueRead MoreThe Impact of the Egyptian and the Hebrew Civilizations on Humanity1459 Words   |  6 Pagessociety, in HYPERLINK http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/which which  a high level of HYPERLINK http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/culture culture, science, industry, and government has been reached. Civilization, too, is a specific body of people that gather under one empire and form one society living together in a particular period of history. We have had some Civilizations that have had an enduring impact on humanity and have, therefore, been called great. To best understand the greatRead MoreThe Church: The Guardian of Culture in the Middle Ages1135 Words   |  5 PagesThe Middle Ages were characterized by a rigidly hierarchical society, which was justified by the view that, like the branches of a tree, every level of society was preordained and important. While the nobility and the clergy stood at the top of the society hierarchy, Jews and those who pursued dishonorable professions were branded outsiders. The Church acted as guardian of culture, particularly within its monasteries and convents. They preserved the scholarship of antiquity, often through theRead MoreThe Middle Ages : The Age Of The Middle Ages830 Words   |  4 PagesMiddle Ages The middle ages are described as 1,000-year period. The 1,000 years are marked from the moment Costantine, the Roman Emperor, made Christianity an official religion of the empire. People saw the middle ages as an â€Å"in between† period in time. The phrase â€Å"Middle Ages† to describe Europe between the fall of Rome in 476 CE and the beginning of the Renaissance in the 14th century. Historians usually divide the Middle Ages into three smaller periods called the Early Middle Ages, the HighRead MoreHumanism: Renaissance and Merchant Class1743 Words   |  7 Pagesthe leaders of society. This new class, along with many aristocrats and clergy, embraced humanist ideals. Generally speaking, humanism was a new worldly ideal to replace the medieval focus on eternal life. Humanism was founded on the idea that humanity is capable of greatness by its own means--through wealth, knowledge, art--and does not need to place all its efforts and hopes in Gods salvation and th e world of spirit and eternal life. One must immediately say that these two viewpoints wereRead MoreI INTRODUCTION A. BACKGROUND INFORMATION The impact of the dark ages had a1000 Words   |  4 PagesI INTRODUCTION A. BACKGROUND INFORMATION The impact of the dark ages had a presumed profound negative impact on Western Europe. The primary cause for this was that the taxation system had fallen apart. It was a time when the emergence of new civilizations lead to conflict. â€Å"Invasions† of entire peoples and military expeditions were the largest contributors of these conflicts. Since there were no taxes it left no one to Read MoreThe Compass: How a Small Navigational Instrument Changed the Face of the Earth1595 Words   |  7 Pagessailors could boldly sail into the middle of an Ocean, and know that if they headed west, all they had to do to return was head east. The compass itself is a simple navigational instrument that contains a magnetic component that aligns itself with the Earth’s own magnetic pole, allowing the user to know the directions of North and South, and subsequently East and West. Due to the ease of use, and the efficiency of the compass, it played a major role in the Age of Exploration, and ergo played a majorRead MoreImpact Of The Renaissance751 Words   |  4 PagesWhenever I think about the renaissance, I think of the of the dark ages. The Renaissance was a period in European history, that took place during the 14th through the 17th century. Accordant Leonardo da Vinci he describes the culture of the Renaissance as â€Å"the cultural bridge between the Middle Ages†. Renaissance started in Italy during the period of medieval, then it slowly spread throughout Europe. The term Renaissance over the years, has become synonymous with ideas of expanding, rebirth and culturalRead MoreOverview of The Enlightenment Essay949 Words   |  4 Pagesin science, philosophy, society and politics occurred. This part of history was important because it was an enormous departure from the Middle Ages. Seldom before and after this time, did the Church have as much power as it did during the Enlightenment. T here were three main eras of the Enlightenment: The Early Enlightenment, The High Enlightenment, and The Late Enlightenment and Beyond. Each era had a few important people related to the movement. There were also other factors contributing to

Essay about Tft2 - Heart Healthy Task 1 - 1524 Words

Heart Healthy Information Security Policy Due to personnel, policy and system changes, and audits, Heart Healthy has voluntarily updated their information security policy to be in-line with the current information security laws and regulations. Currently Heart-Healthy Insurance, a large insurance company, plans to review and provide recommendations for an updated information security policy in the area ‘s of: 1. Current New Users Policy – The current new user section of the policy states: â€Å"New users are assigned access based on the content of an access request. The submitter must sign the request and indicate which systems the new user will need access to and what level of access will be needed. A manager’s approval is†¦show more content†¦The combination of the password and the complexity directly lead to its unpredictability. With 8 character complex passwords, with current GPU processing power a password can be broken in less than 26 days by exhausting all possible combinations. Proposed Password Guidelines * Passwords should be a minimum of 14 characters * Passwords based on dictionary words are prohibited * Passwords based on pet names, biographical information, children’s names, no names of relatives * Passwords must consist of a mixture of uppercase, lowercase, and a special character * System will remember last 12 passwords * If passwords are written down, they must be kept in a safe place, e.g. a wallet, or a safe. Passwords are not be be written down and tape to the bottom of the keyboard, stuck to the computer monitor with a sticky note, or put in an unlocked desk drawer. * All passwords will be changed every 90 days Proposed Password Policy Heart-Healthy password policy guideline is a recommendation for creating a new user password. This policy is a guideline to help end users in: * Choosing and creating a strong password * Ensure that passwords are highly resistant to brute force attacks and password guessing * Recommendations on how users should handle and store their passwords safely * Recommendations on lost or stolen passwords Password expiration * Password expirationShow MoreRelatedTft2 Task 1891 Words   |  4 PagesTFT2 Task 1 Western Governors University TFT2 Task 1 Introduction: Due to policy changes, personnel changes, systems changes, and audits it is often necessary to review and revise information security policies. Information security professionals are responsible for ensuring that policies are in line with current industry standards. Task: A.   Develop new policy statements with two modifications for each of the following sections of the attached â€Å"Heart-Healthy Insurance Information Security

Employee Selection free essay sample

Evaluations are used by companies to help assess how accurate training programs could be. As evaluations are ongoing to determine the effectiveness of the training programs, there legal and ethical concerns that could occur in the completion of the different training programs. Tests Used to Select and Train Employees Selection of the proper employee is essential in an organization’s survival because without reliable employees people would not be able to run any business. One main method of selecting employees in today’s society is through the use of an interview. This gives the employer a chance to meet the individual in person and for him or her to view the type of person the individual is and look for KSAOs, which is knowledge, skills, ability, and other characteristics needed in order to be qualified for the job (Spector, 2012). Another part of the selection process might be to administer a test to determine how well the individual might be at completing his or her job. 287). This essay aims to expound on the most commonly used selection methods, namely application forms and subsequent reference checks, interviews and performance simulation tests. In doing so, it also examines the broader implications of the adoption of such techniques and the suitability of respective Jobs with various methods. Application forms are the first step in the employee selection process, and are often used in conjunction with background checks. Application forms require a prospective mployee to submit relevant information, such as personal details and prior Job experience to the organisation as part of the hiring procedure. These are usually adapted to align with the specific requirements and objectives of a firm, thereby reducing the applicant pool, while simultaneously allowing increased efficiency in terms of the total amount of time and fiscal resources spent during recruitment (Boella, 1996; Roberts, 1999). Furthermore, Cole states that the standardization of organizational structures in application forms can also be highly advantageous to employers, as it allows for convenient comparison between applicants and Job riteria (Cole, 2002). Hence, application forms should be regarded as appropriate for a large majority of Job types, as the Job-specific nature of each questionnaire deems it relevant to employment in most industries. Although the use of application forms is a significant stage in narrowing the field in terms of Job applicants, certain administrative problems may arise for employers due to the illegibility of applicants handwriting (Nicholas C. Burkholder, Preston J. Edwards, Libby Sartain On Staffing). However, the proliferation of technology and online services could signify a egarded as an alternative solution to application forms and involve the submission of similar information pertaining to the prerequisites of the Job. Resumes lack an element of legality, and tend to be based on positive attributes, while failing to take employee weaknesses into consideration. Thus, reference checks are an essential supplement in screening Job applicants to avoid incidences of employment fraud. Reference checks are brief statements made by a third party; usually the candidates superior in order to confirm the accuracy of information supplied by an applicant (Cole, 2002). Background checks are performed to corroborate with facts supplied by applicants, and confirm that candidates possess no derogatory information such as prior criminal activity that could harm a companys image (Green Reibstein, 1992). Extensive reference checks are vital in ensuring the circumvention of negligent hiring suits that are increasingly seen in civil court cases (Seymour, 1993). From an economic perspective, the subsequent costs of occupational fraud include a reduction of stock prices and loss of employment. These economic costs are exemplified by the 5% of revenue lost per annum from every average Canadian rganisation as a result of employment fraud (Koletar, 2003). According to Herman, a positive correlation exists between the degree to which a candidate could be in a position to cause harm to others, colleagues, or the organisation and that of a reference check (Herman, 1993). For example, public servants and Jobs that necessitate the handling of inordinate amounts of money would warrant a background check, as the risk of financial losses or damage to government organization reputations are higher. Interviews remain a widely used selection technique in contemporary industries espite the relative unreliability of this method. Dipboye reports that approximately 70% of organizations in the United States utilize interviews as the main selection strategy in both promotion and recruitment ( Dipboye, 1992). A selection interview can be broadly delineated as a dialogue initiated by one or persons to gather information and evaluate the qualifications of an applicant for employment (Dipboye, 1992). The exclusion of other specific qualifications such as interpersonal skills, personal motivations and career objectives is apparent in this definition, yet these candidate attributes are very significant. Interviews can be categorized into four main types, namely situational interviews, Job-related interviews, psychological interviews and competency interviews. Due to the fact that both the reliability and validity of unstructured interview types has been proven to be significantly lower, the enhancement of organization can be proposed as potential ways to improve the interview process. Results have proven that these preliminary actions have led to distinctly improved reliability and validity in the long-run (Michael A. Campion, Elliott D. Pursell, and Barbara K. Brown, 1988). The structural approach entails the use of a redetermined and standardized list of questions for each candidate (Intro to psychology). Thus, structured questions are less susceptible to bias and result in higher levels of validity and reliability. Doyle contends that if a systematic and structured approach is adopted, structured interviews can be an invaluable recruitment tool (Doyle, 2003). Conversely, it should also be noted that an overly development of a rapport between employers and employees. In addition, computer- assisted interview techniques that require possible candidates to answer a pre- determined set of questions at a computer terminal may also be adopted. These are viewed as highly impersonal and are used less often in the employment of executive positions (Intro to psychology). Several difficulties and disadvantages also arise during the interview process, and stem from poor interviewer practices and the nature of interaction between parties involved. Biased effects are the most notable implications of subjective interviewers, and comprise of the contrast effect of the sub-conscious comparison of employees, the presence of interviewer prejudice and the acquisition of prior knowledge pertaining to a candidates Job performance (Intro o psychology). Interviews are most effective in the application for employment that requires a high level of intrapersonal and interpersonal skills such as public relations officers, as the success of the Job is highly dependent on the ability of candidates to develop strong relationships with clients, and maintain a companys viability. Leadership positions such as managerial and executive positions should also consider the interview approach, as it allows employers to determine the extent to which candidates can tolerate high levels of stress or interact with other business artners. Lastly, Performance simulation tests and written tests are an integral mechanism in ascertaining the cognitive, physical and technical abilities of applicants, and include work samples and assessment centers. Work sample tests are tests whereby the applicant performs a selected set of actual tasks that are physically or psychologically similar to those performed on the Job (Ployhart, Schneider, and Schmitt, 2006). Since work sample tests require candidates to perform similar tasks that may be encountered in the Job, work sample tests are generally thought to have a high level f validity (Hunter Hunter 1984: Schmidt Hunter 1998). Work sample tests may be said to be more accurate in the prediction of overall Job performance of candidates of repetitive Jobs from a comparative viewpoint. An assessment center consists of a standardized evaluation of behavior based on multiple inputs where several trained observers and techniques are used. Judgments about behavior are made largely from specifically developed assessment simulations Coiner, 2000). One of the major reasons why assessment centers have been increasingly used is that this method appears to be supported by previous literature and human resource iscourses that show a positive relation between assessment center scores and performance of employees as managers or supervisors (Thornton Byham, 1982). In the assessment centers, assessors play an important role in observing, recording and classifying the behavior and rating upon behavior. Therefore, it is crucial for assessors to focus on behavior because this can greatly avoid Judgmental statements and misinterpretation. In addition, the behavior that candidates exhibit is likely to be repeated in the future when they encounter similar situations, so it is more accurate in predicting future performance. However, the design and administration of assessment centers can be costly, which could deter firms from undertaking such selection procedures. This is the reason why assessment centers their overall performance and actions have a greater impact on the society or the performance of the organization. In summary, there are myriad approaches and methods in the recruitment and employee selection process. There cannot be said to be a singular most effective procedure, as all the above methods have both positive attributes and drawbacks from a socio-economic perspective. Therefore, the selection process should be based n the category and pre-determined requisites of respective Jobs, in order to ensure optimal performance and the avoidance of incurring unnecessary costs for organizations, and overall, lower turnover costs for employers in the long-run.

Transactional Relation of Father and Prescoolers - Sample

Questions: An important part of research is understanding what we can do with the information that is gained in the research, or in other words, the implications for the findings. In this discussion, you consider the implications of the findings of a research study on fathers' roles in their children's socioemotional development. While psychology has a long history of researching attachment, early research focused on mothers' relationships with children. It has not always been clear what a father's role is in children's development. Fortunately, there is a great deal of research examining how fathers are an important part of children's development. Once you have read the article, "Transactional Relations Between Father Involvement and Preschoolers' Socioemotional Adjustment,"linked in the Unit 3 studies, the psychology perspective challenge for you is to consider the implications for the findings of this study. Once you read article, complete the following: Describe what the authors studied. Describe the findings. (How you understand the findings.) Discuss the implications of the findings. (What value is there in the findings? How can we apply them? How could we effectively get this information out to parents who could benefit from it? Are there any risks or other drawbacks to implementing the findings?) Answers: 1. The author has presented a very realistic approach of father and preschoolers social and emotional behavior. The study shows a mutual association between the child and father. The author studied the internalizing and externalizing behavior of the preschoolers and how they are driven by fathers participation in play and caring approach. The idea of the entire study was to get a clear picture of the implications of the fathers role in preschoolers day to day activities. 2. The author comes to a conclusion that there is a mutual association between the father and the preschooler. The more the participation of the father in the childs play and caring activities lesser is the child prone to internalizing and externalizing behavior. Internalizing behavior refers to hurting oneself (i.e. The child hurts himself.) and externalizing behavior relates to the external environment (i.e. The child reacts to external factors like friends, etc.). 3. The results clearly showed that the father has a pivotal role in the childs social and emotional development. However, the internal relation between the parents is also of great importance and has implications for the child. The child can get rid of his/her adjustment difficulties and would feel more comfortable and protected by the father around. References: Abramowicz, S. (2012). A Family Law Perspective On Parental Incarceration. Family Court Review, 50(2), 228-240. Buist, K., Dekovi, M., Meeus, W., van Aken, M. (2004). The reciprocal relationship between early adolescent attachment and internalizing and externalizing problem behaviour. Journal Of Adolescence, 27(3), 251-266. Reitz, E., Dekovi, M., Meijer, A. (2006). Relations between parenting and externalizing and internalizing problem behaviour in early adolescence: Child behaviour as moderator and predictor. Journal Of Adolescence, 29(3), 419-436. Vogel, C., Bradley, R., Raikes, H., Boller, K., Shears, J. (2006). Relation Between Father Connectedness and Child Outcomes. Parenting, 6(2), 189-209.