Dakota Office Products

Dakota Office Products Study Case Why was Dakota’s existing pricing system inadequate for its current operating environment? – profits only when clients placed large orders for cartons – real drop of profit if many clients place small orders – wrong cost determination for individual customers wrong cost determination for new services provided by DOP (to small charges for the â€Å"desktop† delivery, then the actual cost of it) 2. Develop an activity-base cost system for Dakota Office Products based on Year 200 data. Calculate the activity cost-driver rate for each DOP activity in 2000. Activity cost-driver rates: Activity One: process cartons in and out of the facility Rate=(90% of Warehouse Personnel Expense + Cost o Items Purchased)/cartons processed Rate=(90%*2,400,000+35,000,000)/80,000=464. 5 $/per carton Activity Two: the new desktop delivery service Rate=(10% of Warehouse Personnel Expense + Delivery Truck Expenses)/desktop deliveries Rate=(10%2,400,000+200,000)/2000=220 $/per carton Activity Three: order handling Rate=( Warehouse Expenses + Freight)/ number of orders Rate=(2,000,000+450,000)/(16,000+8,000)=102. 08 $/per order Activity Four: data entry Rate=Order entry expenses/Order lines Rate=800,000/150,000=5. 3 orders/per line 3. Using your answer to question 2, calculate the profitability of Customer A and Customer B. Activity One: process cartons in and out of the facility –> Number of cartons ordered Activity Two: the new desktop delivery service –> Number of desktop deliveries Activity Three: order handling –> Number of orders (manual + EDI) Activity Four: data entry –> Number of line items Manufacturing Overhead cost-driver rates Customer A Customer B Customer A†¦ Dakota Office Products Dakota Office Products Study Case Why was Dakota’s existing pricing system inadequate for its current operating environment? – profits only when clients placed large orders for cartons – real drop of profit if many clients place small orders – wrong cost determination for individual customers wrong cost determination for new services provided by DOP (to small charges for the â€Å"desktop† delivery, then the actual cost of it) 2. Develop an activity-base cost system for Dakota Office Products based on Year 200 data. Calculate the activity cost-driver rate for each DOP activity in 2000. Activity cost-driver rates: Activity One: process cartons in and out of the facility Rate=(90% of Warehouse Personnel Expense + Cost o Items Purchased)/cartons processed Rate=(90%*2,400,000+35,000,000)/80,000=464. 5 $/per carton Activity Two: the new desktop delivery service Rate=(10% of Warehouse Personnel Expense + Delivery Truck Expenses)/desktop deliveries Rate=(10%2,400,000+200,000)/2000=220 $/per carton Activity Three: order handling Rate=( Warehouse Expenses + Freight)/ number of orders Rate=(2,000,000+450,000)/(16,000+8,000)=102. 08 $/per order Activity Four: data entry Rate=Order entry expenses/Order lines Rate=800,000/150,000=5. 3 orders/per line 3. Using your answer to question 2, calculate the profitability of Customer A and Customer B. Activity One: process cartons in and out of the facility –> Number of cartons ordered Activity Two: the new desktop delivery service –> Number of desktop deliveries Activity Three: order handling –> Number of orders (manual + EDI) Activity Four: data entry –> Number of line items Manufacturing Overhead cost-driver rates Customer A Customer B Customer A†¦

Final Project, Healthy Eating, Nutrition, and Exercise Plan Essay

In my first report I indicated my age 42 years old, my weight was 165 pounds and height 5’6†. My daily exercise was riding bike between 6 to 8 miles a day for 3 days during the week for a total of 350 minutes of Physical Activity. Week one 3 day analysis for breakfast I had a cup of coffee with flavored cream with sandwich or cereals, for lunch I had sandwich or reheated food from previous day, snack I had wheat cake, fruits or chips and for dinner; Latin food, hamburger or pasta, don’t drink soft drinks, but drink Lipton Iced Tea and water. (Matta) (2012). Based on the first report I was over in grains on vegetables, fruits, dairy, protein foods, oils I was under; empty calories I was under with 280 calories, total calories average was 1785 status and sodium was high on all 3 days. (SuperTracker) (n. d. ). After the first report I tried to modified some eating habits measuring the amount of food; cereal, pasta, rice and beans in cups, steaks and fish cut in 4 ounces, drink more water and less alcoholic drinks and increase my daily exercise adding two days of walking 3 miles per day increasing my weekly Physical Activity to 630 minutes. Matta) (2013). The latest report from January 2nd through January 4th, all the food groups where under my empty calories was lower then the first one at 208 and my average total calories was lower at 1292 average per day but my sodium limit is still high. The result of this modification is my current weight at 155 pounds and drop from a 36†³ waist size to a 34†³. Based on Food Tracker my daily calorie limit allowance is 2400 and at least 150 minutes per week of physical activity. I am under the allowance of calories and over my physical activity per week. (SuperTracker) (n. d. ). Final Project, Healthy Eating, Nutrition, and Exercise Plan After reviewing both analysis I have realized that my challenge is sodium, I don’t use salt but some of the food I consume are high on sodium. Colorado State University indicates that sodium is found in most process foods to preserve or flavor them; sodium has an important role maintaining water balance within the cells and in the function of both impulses and muscle but consuming excess sodium may lead to edema or water retention, high blood pressure and in Women may be at higher risk for developing osteoporosis even if calcium intake is adequate. Colorado State University) (n. d. ). In my family our medical history is high blood pressure my Mother, Brother and I have this condition. The American Heart Association indicates that high blood pressure can be inherited by one of both parents if they have a history of the condition, advance age can develop a higher risk, gender related risk pattern, lack of physical activity, overweight, obesity, drinking to much alcohol and Poor diet, especially one that includes too much salt other possible factors could be stress, smoking, second hand smoke and sleep apnea. (American Heart Association) (2012). The effects of having high blood pressure are, a stroke it can cause a break or weakened blood vessel which the brain can bleed, it is a major factor in heart attacks the arteries brings oxygen-carrying blood to the heart muscle if the heart doesn’t receive the proper oxygen, blood flow is blocked a heart attach can occur, Kidney damage in over time the high blood pressure can narrow or thicken the blood vessels of the Kidney this we result in filtering less fluids and waste build up in the blood the result can be dialysis or kidney transplant and Arteries, the arteries in the brain, heart and kidney hardens making all three to work harder. National Heart Lung and Blood Institute) (n. d. ). Final Project, Healthy Eating, Nutrition, and Exercise Plan I believe I have a good diet consuming my total calories for day, the amount of food and exercise but as mentioned before sodium is my challenge. My action plan will be related with sodium and how to keep high blood pressure under control, the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute give me some tips on how to reduce sodium in my diet, buy fresh, plain frozen, or canned vegetable with no salt added, use fresh poultry, fish, and lean meat rather then canned or process types, use herbs, spices and salt-free seasoning blends in cooking, cut back in salad dressing, rinse can food such as tuna to remove sodium and choose ready to eat breakfast cereals lower in sodium. National Heart Lung and Blood Institute) (n. d. ). With these tips my action planned is to buy less process foods, use more white meat instead of red and consume it in small amounts, utilize less dressing or replace it with olive oil and balsamic vinegar in small amounts and consumed more salt free products for exercise my plan will be the same as I have in present time, I will ride my bike 3 days a week between 6 to 8 miles and walk 2 days a week 3 miles per day this plan will keep my body active and healthy. Matta) (2013), All action plans have their share of setbacks some of the anticipated setbacks for both food and exercise; for food is the amount of time that I have to go to the grocery store and buy the products mentioned above, I have a very active lifestyle family, work, study, and exercise; time is very limited, this is why we go to a restaurant, buy process food or can food without reading the labels a plan that I will implement with my wife is to go the first day of the month and go to the grocery store and supply our sel f with the necessary healthy food for the entire month and go once a week to replenish anything that we need; for exercise my setback is more the ability to keep motivated and time to overcome this my plan is to keep my picture of my Final Project, Healthy Eating, Nutrition, and Exercise Plan Daughter and I in the door fridge when I was overweight, this picture is why I decided to do exercise, loose weight and keep it off. (Matta) (2013). One tool I learned from our class is Super Tracker since I learned about this site I have use it since and I will keep using it until I have to register again, Super Tracker gives me suggestion and measure the outcome of my action plan plus doing my yearly checkup with the Doctor for my high blood pressure and health. If I keep my action plan in tact the result will be a positive one healthy body and mind but If don’t follow my action plan the health risk factor will be a negative one I can gain weight and high blood pressure which can create a stroke or heart attack or even worst death. (Matta) (2013). Colorado State University indicates as we age it is important to eat more calcium, iron protein Vitamins A, C and flacon; reduce calories selected nutrient-dense foods and enjoy smaller portions of foods high in fat, sugar and sodium. (Colorado State University) (n. d. ). As I age I will follow my doctors instruction and educate myself and adjust based on the information provided eat smaller portion, use Vitamins and reduce any sugar and sodium from my diet, in regard of my exercise as I age my body will have less motion I will walk more a bike ride less, in Florida the 4 seasons are basically the same good weather but in summer the heat is overwhelming and it rains constantly this could alter my physical activity the option is to go to a gym or my YMCA to exercise indoors. (Matta) (2013). Conclusion our body is a perfect machine created to live, serve and reproduce in our world, we are responsible in taking care of it. We should always try our best to eat healthy and keep it fit so we can live a long, healthy and happy life.

Pros and Cons of Freedom of Religion

Pro's of ImmigrationWork force- many immigrants work at low-paying jobs that natural born citizens often don't want to perform. These jobs, although not glamorous, are essential to the economy.Diversity- an advantage of immigration to the United States is the increase in diversity and culture throughout the country. Although many people argue that this is not a good thing, many others feel that diversity and culture can serve to educate Americans.International Image- Immigration makes America a more open, understanding and welcoming country. Immigration in the U. S. hus can be a strong advantage in international relations and politics.Economy- Immigrants that provide cheap labor also have an impact on the nation's overall economy.That is, when businesses can't fill low-paying jobs, they have one of two choices. We must remember we all come from immigrants What makes the United States so great is the diversity which is only possible through immigration The United states is a land of o pportunity and we should be able to share these opportunities with others If no one was able to come into the United States there would basically be no America What message are we sending if we had no immigration?Opportunity and freedom is what makes the United states so strong. None of us would be here if it wasn't for immigration unless you are 100% Native American Immigrants even provide new ideas for inventions, and sometimes cheap labor for big companies. This cheap labor can lower prices of U. S. goods, and those new ideas are the basis of why this country is amazingly powerful Can you not say that this country is a great country? Can you not think of them coming here to America as a complement to us.There are so many countries that have different racial populations today and they all work because they feel no threat. Americans complain and complain that immigrants take our jobs that most Americans will not even commit to. Do you see any of the wealthy in those fields? NO! Mos t of them make less than minimum wage and still complain Con's of freedom of Religion Cons of the policy of freedom of religion can be described firstly as the practices themselves.Practices may involve sacrifices or rituals that are not taken kindly by other religious groups. That brings it to another disadvantage: Hate and discrimination can fuel attacks,murder and in extreme cases, terrorism. Wrongfully use to divide rather than unite humanity. Some people need a book to direct their moral values. Slow man progress, for example, stem cell research. It brainwash the worshippers. Uses fear tactics, for example, going to hell. May lead to greed, power and hypocrisy. Religious leaders use religion to enrich themselves.Religion may be use to preys on people’s ignorance. Religion helps make many fast conclusions without deep examination. Devoid people of accountability for their own actions because their religion tell them it was ok to do. Every person of his or her religion bel ieves one religion is better than another. Religions are manufacture, making people to live in illusion, escaping reality and living in a delusional world. The religion decides what is right and wrong based on the religion and not by the individual.Religion plays some part in wars and people use it to justify their fighting, hate, and intolerance. Religious leaders may engage in preaching hate and intolerance against other religious belief systems. Ask followers to donate money so they can go to heaven, this mean less money for the followers and their family. Wars over religion, single view on the way things should work, dominate religion governing how people should think. Limits freethinking and freedom of speech, for example, drawing of the prophet Mohammed is considered forbidden by Muslims.Human right violations, for example, Sharia law for the Muslims, gays may put to death, freedom of speech is not allow, women and girls are not allow to go to school and so on. It creates mass delusion in which the religious people believe that they are right on moral grounds solely based on their religion or to what religious entity they are a part of. Religious leaders may act like businessmen competing in the market, advertising that their religion is genuine and certified product on the market for going to heaven and eternal life. |

Public Administration Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Public Administration - Case Study Example there is a pertinent role that deserves to be played by the stakeholders so that the negative effects that it has had in US are neutralized and mitigated. The federal government is tasked with the responsibility of taking care of border security, custom points and controlling the process of becoming an American citizen. Conversely, the state governments as well as the federal governments are tasked with the onus and charge of handling illegal immigration issues (Espenshade, 2005). The state and the local governments provide education, health, medical and social services to the illegal immigrants. This is another reason the issue of illegal immigration is an intergovernmental one. Shafritz & Russell (2012) say that illegal immigration is an issue that has been politically significant. The US constitution has very little on the immigration issue, and this has given room for the issue to be used politically since there are no clear guidelines in the US Constitution for dealing with the issue. Consequently, governments have always resorted to coming up with state laws that are meant to curb this issue. In the press, there have been divided opinions on the best why that the state and federal governments can use to handle and fully tackle this problem. Despite the divided opinions on the issue and the politicization of the matter, every member of the American society agrees that the issue needs to be dealt with and failing to do so will result in even more problems for both the state and the federal government. Solving the illegal immigration issue requires the full involvement in the various levels of governments. The reason this cooperation and collaboration is necessary is the fact that the matter is an issue that is cross cutting (Kennedy, 2004). No level of government is spared from the negative impacts of illegal immigration into America. The federal government is required to play the biggest role in handling the issue of the illegal immigration. This is

From Seeds to Civilizations Bruce D Smith Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

From Seeds to Civilizations Bruce D Smith - Essay Example These factors influence the cultural macroevolution. Here the changes are determined by the environmental factors and not by the social economic and political ones. The important influence of these macro evolutionary factors has been brought to the limelight by Jared Diamond. These factors played a very pivotal role at the dawn of history especially when writing was first invented. For example the Inuit could not invent farming but people in the Middle East could do so because they were surrounded by wild animals/plants which could be domesticated. Cultural microevolution on the other hand generated a need for liquid fuels for industrialized nations. But it was the macro evolutionary factors which shaped the World War II, where Germany and Japan had to use all their efforts to obtain and defend their petroleum supplies since their own territories lacked them. Early historians did not give much importance to the evolutionary view of history. But seventeenth century onwards scholars like Voltaire, Comte and others visualized history as an evolutionary process that was moving towards a goal. Karl Marx was one of the pioneers of the first great theories of historical evolution. Marx tried to find an evolutionary pattern of history based on scientific analysis. Apart from historians even... We are all products of our social and biological backgrounds. It is due to this very reason that the human nature of citizens living for long under democracies is different than those under dictatorships. Evolutionary theory has converted biology into a logical discipline. Evolutionary theory, primarily its cultural aspects can do the same to social sciences. Although some aspects of such a theory can be overshadowed by the story of sociopolitical evolution from hunting and gathering through the establishment of states that can be put together today. Evolutionary theory thus can be formed without making assumptions about genetics. The change in human natures is essentially because of cultural and not biological evolution. Plant domestication i.e. agriculture has played a very pivotal role in human history. It first began in the Fertile Crescent which is now a part of Israel and Lebanon. Population pressure, declining game supplies and increased plant gathering are some of the reasons given for the origins of agriculture .It is believed that the key reason for the spread of farming was due to the episodic periods of scarcity- a discrepancy of the general population pressure speculation. This could explain the rapid spread of agriculture from the Fertile Crescent The second hypothesis is that agriculture developed due to the rapid end of the ice age. The agricultural revolution was accompanied by rising birth rates. This eventually led to the demand of more food and thus led to the pressure of technological change to make more intensive agriculture possible. Due to this intensification and division of labor human society underwent changes through villages, clans to ultimately modern nation states. Differences in the productivity of the physical

Environmental Regulation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Environmental Regulation - Essay Example Preference to other dealings in addition to customary enforcement responses stems from a conviction that community standards and values have undergone a basic change. People are indicative of steady support for environmental safety, and industry leaders more and more see environmental protection as an imperative value. Present industry managers grew up through years while their civilization maintained protection of the environment as an innately optimistic target. Therefore they bring a basically diverse approach to environmental regulations, and their responsibility to accomplish them. The standard basis usually offered for a broader compliance strategy to environmental regulation is therefore eventually based on the conviction that regulators and the public now share the same objectives and value systems. Non-compliance today may be considered as a communication gap or lack of knowledge and not an implicit challenge to the fundamental regulatory ideas. Environmental consciousness a mong citizens came down in the later 1990s. For example, in the United States, environmental regulation came down to a mid-level political concern and graded below other issues such as education, health care, crime etc. (Demmke, 2001) The Environmental Protection Agency was formed in 1970, to strengthen the federal government’s environmental responsibilities. This was a clear detection that the problems of air and water pollution, solid waste clearance, water supply, and pesticide and radiation control were interconnected and needed a combined approach. On January 1st 1970, The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) was signed into regulation. The act necessitate that an environmental impact statement be organized for all recommendation or report on legislation and for each major federal action considerably affecting the feature of the environment. The environmental impact report must: explain the environmental impact of the planned action, talk about

Role of religion in Paleolithic era Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Role of religion in Paleolithic era - Essay Example Religion defined the boundaries between the evil and the code. This means that every life revolved around religion as faith and a creed to the universe. This paper analyses the context of religion in the Paleolithic period citing specific examples. As a discussion platform, the paper will also explain the function of religion in the same regime. Religion defined the impressive accomplishment in the Paleolithic era. This elaborated the origin and existence to life with a detailed coverage of the creator of the universe. The context also highlighted expectations within the societal setting for every mankind (Judge & Langdon, 211). The belief of human existence allocated specific mandates and roles for a given community. Religion defined the existence of mankind in the Paleolithic era as a lifestyle. The early population believed in devotion and sacrifice dedicating life to observing a given religion. Christianity as doctrine served as the cornerstone of family establishment. The moral teaching revolved around a religious aspect where the spiritual holiness depicted a given lifestyle. Religion also acted as a moral regulatory to influence and condemn behaviors (Judge & Langdon, 171). Religious leaders acted as mediators between the living and the spiritual world. The context of religion depicted a given direction for any society in the Paleolithic period. Religion defined individual endurance to achieve a higher divine calling in the Paleolithic period. The early nations obtained a spiritual calling from exercising true religious morals and behavior. The society respected the spiritual community that also acted as the higher rank of a community. A given communal decision relied on the outcome of the religious society and group. Religion acted as the moderate between parties. In the first instances, religion connected man and god, while in the second instance religion united different communal parties. The religion also served as a companion to the early

Prominent Groups and Individuals in African American Civil Rights Essay

Prominent Groups and Individuals in African American Civil Rights Management - Essay Example The National Association for the Advancement of Coloured Peoples was not organized only in the eve of the Civil Rights movement. It was actually instrumental in the gradual growth of the African American political consciousness since its establishment in February 12, 1909 in New York. Apparently, it is one of the oldest civil rights organisations in the country. It was also one of the most influential. The aim of the NAACP was â€Å"to ensure the political, educational, social, and economic equality of rights of all persons and to eliminate racial hatred and racial discrimination† (Watts 2010: 200). It is clear that the organisation was and is not just focused on the African American people. However, in the 1950s and 1960s, its objective was to arouse national consciousness about the inequalities suffered by the African Americans. In order to achieve this, the NAACP was involved in lobbying activities. Its leaders seized every opportunity to speak in public about the issues co nfronting black Americans. It also did publication work, utilizing the avenues provided by the mainstream media while publishing their own. The NAACP distinguished itself from other groups in the Civil Rights movement for its tendency to use the courts to question the legality of practices that were considered as racist or discriminatory. While the NAACP was more focused then making the public aware of the issue of racial equality and litigation, the Congress of Racial Equality or CORE was one of the first groups that took an active role in consolidating the ranks of civil rights advocates among the ranks of the students. CORE was founded in 1942 by students based in Chicago. The group was greatly influenced by the principles laid out by Mahatma Gandhi and Henry David Thoreau. Its aim was to secure equality for all people throughout the globe (deGregory 2009). At first, CORE was interracial and it does not have a formal organisational structure. However, as it tried to realise its a ims, it expanded to the south, where African Americans were suffering the brunt of racial discrimination. Its working-class black membership swelled and soon CORE’s immediate objective was geared towards the end of the Jim Crow laws and racial segregation and discrimination of the African Americans in general. CORE became a trailblazer in employing militant but non-violent actions to further its cause. It was one of the first groups in the Civil Rights movement to apply coercive non-violent tactics. Among its most prominent actions are the Journey of Reconciliation in 1946 and Freedom Ride in 1961. The Southern Christian Leadership Conference became widely known, especially because it was able to produce leaders like Martin Luther King, Jr. It was founded in 1957 by a group of mostly African American church ministers. The SCLC â€Å"mirrored a basic fact about the leadership in the Southern black movement of the 1950s and 1960s: ministers wielded influence out of all proport ion to their numbers† (Fairclough 2001: 13). The SCLC’s aim was also to eradicate social ills, including racial discrimination which at that time was in the form of Jim Crow laws and racial segregation. The organisation’s immediate objective then was to mobilize the churches for Civil Rights movement. Its methods were mainly in the forms of boycotts and other similar

Genocide in Sudan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Genocide in Sudan - Essay Example This essay describes the events, that began when the African tribes of the Dafur region of Sudan rebelled against the Arab government in Khartoum. The government, led by the National Islamic Front, suffered initial reverses at the hands of the rebel groups, the Sudan Liberation Army and the Justice and Equality Movement. Tied down by the ongoing civil war in the South, Khartoum devised a vicious counterstrategy. A tribal Arab militia, was unleashed in Dafur with carte blanche to crush the rebels. Thus began one of the most diabolical campaigns in the history of mankind, aimed at wiping out the African tribes of Dafur. With a mortality rate of 450,000, this is an unequivocal instance of genocide which requires immediate action from the international community. Fact-finding missions, humanitarian agencies, and the media have all documented the atrocities. This essay discusses term genocide and analyzes hard facts. From media accounts to the heartrending testimonials of survivors, attes t that what is happening in Sudan is â€Å"a government backed campaign to wipe out a race†.The genocide in Sudan is there for all the world to see. Over three years of indifference, prevarication and self-interest has kept the world deliberately blind. In conclusion, the researcher states that the international community should not be held to ransom by considerations of political alignments or the dictates of the marketplace. After all, those 32,000 barrels of oil per day, which is Sudan’s output, do not have to be paid for with the blood of Dafurs’ Africans.

Critical Evaluation Of The Three Approaches To IHR Essay

Critical Evaluation Of The Three Approaches To IHR - Essay Example Thus, â€Å"globalization is a process of interaction and integration among the companies as well as the people of different nations, a process which is mainly process driven by international trade and investment for the benefit of the investor as well as the host country† (Herbig 2008, p.6). Thus, in a way the globalisation from the last decade of the 20th century has optimized the opportunities for the companies, particularly the Multinational Companies (MNCs) to enter foreign countries, give employment to the local population as well as sell their products or services at competitive prices. In addition, firms cannot keep on operating in a saturated home market to achieve success. They have to break geographical boundaries as well as their economical limits to tap those opportunities in the foreign markets or countries, by following the process of internationalisation. Thus, internationalisation is a happening concept which is being used by many firms to expand their reach g lobally. â€Å"As the global economy expands, as more products and services compete on a global basis and as more and more firms operate outside their countries of origin, the impact on various business functions becomes more pronounced† (Briscoe and Schuler 2004, p. 20).... ing, researching, applying and revising all human resource activities in their internal and external contexts as they impact the process of managing human resources in enterprises throughout the global environment† (Briscoe and Schuler 2004, p. 20). When this management of human resources or employees in the international context is focused, it can be categorized into three approaches: cross-cultural management; comparative human resource management; and multinational perspective in human resource management. The first approach of cross-cultural management focuses on understanding the cultural differences and similarities that may exist between the entering firm or the home country and the local employees or the host country. Each country will have distinct and unique cultural traditions, and so the employees will also imbue it in them and exhibit during the organizational processes. Thus, these cross-cultures of the firms as well as employees have to be managed under the auspi ces of IHRM approach of cross-cultural management. As Cieri, Fenwick and Hutchings (2005, p.588) states, cross-cultural management focuses on â€Å"identifying the likely impact of cross-culturally similar and different human behaviour on the functional elements of HRM, including recruitment and selection, training and development, performance management and reward management.† Even before the foreign firms enter new countries, the employees in those firms will not be all similar, as they could come from different background. Those employees could have been made into a unit through the formation of common organizational culture and other strategies. When these firms with their employees enter new countries, it will be more challenging for them. Most of the countries around the world will have

Textual Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 3

Textual Analysis - Essay Example The first of these texts which will be analyzed is that of Dorothea Lasky’s â€Å"Black Life†. This particular poem, though brief, expounds a very nuanced and full-bodied meaning of just what seeming meaninglessness greets the newborn child upon entering life. Says Lasky, â€Å"You are born and it is to a black life/Full of abuse and strange things†¦You die and it is from a black life/That you die from/You leave this one and go into the next/Where nothingness surrounds and evaporates/With the ease of something/That has done this sort of thing before† (Lasky 1). By detailing the somewhat meaningless yet methodical pressures that move all humanity through its brief experience on earth, the author is able to detail some sense and methodology to what has otherwise been labeled as a form of madness and ultimate depression with regards to the transient nature of life and its ultimate meaning. Although such a definition is no more comforting than any other definiti on of life and the ultimate depression it espouses, the author goes on to define some rationality to the way in which this â€Å"black life† leaves the earth with little to no fanfare or care on the part of those around it. Says Lasky, â€Å"I leave and I am black life/I leave you cause you didn’t need me after all/And I want to/Be what you made me to be/But you never really made me/This life made me/This thing that I am† (Lasky 1). In admitting that the world is perhaps better off without this blight of a depressed human being, the author is able to underscore the meaninglessness that life entails as the world cares not whether this depressed person is gone. Moreover, the ultimate cause of the depression is related not to be something biological, not something that has been recognized due to the singular unfairness of life; rather, it is born out of the fact that they â€Å"never really

Descartes and Hume’s Infinity Essay Example for Free

Descartes and Hume’s Infinity Essay The word infinity refers to several concepts but all pertains to something that is without bound or endless. Most of the time, it is used in the field of mathematics but the concept is also used in several other fields including philosophy. This paper will try to study Rene Descartes and David Humes concepts and views of infinity as well as the problems regarding their concepts.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For Rene Descartes, the word infinity is attributed and is referred to a perfect being, to God. On the other hand, although most of his infinity raises most paradoxes that are really challenging for his empiricism, David Hume asserts that we cannot comprehend infinity. According to Descartes, infinity is the same as God or that God is the same as infinity. He also proves the existence of God by using the concept of infinity as an illustration. Descartes also said that he is able to see infinity because he is able to think and imagine a large object and as well as a larger object but not the largest object. Descartes stated the existence of god is proven by the use of infinity because according to him, if you have the idea of infinity and yet cannot witnessed it proves the existence of God. This is because our so called finite self will not be able to generate the idea of something like infinity and therefore the idea must then came from a somewhere or someone of infinite being, from God. The ability of God is also proven by infinity because according to Descartes, the continuity of thing should be conserved and therefore needs the continuous power that is supporting it. On the other hand, according to David Hume, because it is by faith that we know that God exist and so we will know his nature in the heaven. If there is a God with infinite attributes, then he is therefore infinitely incomprehensible without proportion to us human beings. Therefore Hume objects the concept of infinity because we cannot experience infinity; therefore we have no adequate idea of what infinity really is. Because of his belief and thinking, he even proposes to replace the notion of endless or unbounded, infinity, by a time and space theory. That every idea that we have is copied from a similar impression is the fundamental of Hume’s arguments. So according to Hume, our idea of God together with his attributes such as his infinite intelligence, good being and all his infinite abilities and characteristics are just products of our own mind, increasing that idea without limit those qualities. Therefore our notion and knowledge of god is not brought by any revelations or something that god put on us but rather by of us taking our normal attributes and increasing these attributes to infinity.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The major problem regarding the theory and idea of Hume is that it contradicts some principles in geometry such as the Pythagorean theorem. David Hume’s theory includes the denial of the thesis that extension infinitely divisible. Still, how Hume critiques the idea of infinity is said to be a product of Enlightenment theory of Knowledge. Also the theories of Hume disprove the existence of God in which case most people will definitely disagree and critique and would say inverse that we does not create God but rather God created us. In this case it is certain that many people will be against Hume’s principles and ideology.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The problem with Descartes ideas is that he needs the existence of a perfect being in order to be able to have a clear idea of what is infinity. Also the argument of Descartes is a circular argument because he proves the existence of God using the idea of infinity and at the same time his idea of infinity relies on the knowledge of God. The clarity of his ideas is relied on God and God on his ideas. Since Descartes infinity theory relies on the concept of having an infinite and perfect being in our mind, there surely be misconceptions and understanding on the concept since our mind is able to entertain several things that may include fiction or something that is untrue. Greek gods, goddesses as well as super heroes are some of the examples that we entertain in our minds that are far and/or not part of the real world. Also since different person have different views and as well knowledge and understanding, there could be as many interpretations of the word infinity as there are people. And how about those that did not believe in the existence of God? Does that mean that they are not capable of understanding what infinity is? Definitely not and therefore Descartes’ concept of infinity applies to limited people only. The main similarity and difference between Rene Descartes ideas of infinity to that of Hume is that both of them uses the concept of God making their argument. They both use the concept and knowledge of a so-called infinite being in their arguments. Also they are in different and in conflict because Descartes proves the existence of God by using the concept of infinity and Hume do the opposite, disproving the existence of God as disproving the concept of infinity. In Descartes statement, infinity exist although we cannot see it. The mere fact that the idea of infinity is in our minds prove that there really is an infinite being, a God that created all things and that sustains it by his infinite attributes. On the other hand, Hume believes that we cannot comprehend and understand infinity and it therefore there exist no such thing. It can be said that both Descartes and Hume have an idea of what infinity is. Their difference is the idea whether infinity is achievable or not. For Descartes, infinity or God exist although we cannot see it or even imagine it; that basically is infinity. On the other hand, Hume disapprove the concept of infinity saying that since we cannot see or visualize infinity, infinity does not exist and should be replaced by something that exist, something real like time and space. Although the two ideas are conflicting in can be said that they are truly believable and without further and close study of the matter, we may really be misguided. Still, whether we believe Descartes or Hume depends on us, no one will force us to believe someone. What is important is that we really have the basis of our beliefs. Reference Brown, R. G. (2007). God, Dog and Spark. Retrieved December 04, 2007 from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.phy.duke.edu/~rgb/Poetry/hot_tea/hot_tea/node31.html Holding, J. P. (No Date). Humaen Understanding. Retrieved December 04, 2007 from http://www.tektonics.org/gk/hume01.html Leahy, J. P. (2000). Infinity and Eternity of the Universe. Retrieved December 04, 2007 from http://www.jb.man.ac.uk/~jpl/cosmo/infinity.html

The Presidency Of George W Bush Politics Essay

The Presidency Of George W Bush Politics Essay George W. Bush ran for presidency in the year 2000 and termed himself a passionate conservative. With reference to foreign policy he heavily criticized the actions of Al Gore in sending U.S troops for peace-keeping missions that he deemed were not vital to national interest. However, at the same time he was pushing for more funding for the Pentagon and was seen calling for more action and tougher posture against rogue countries such as Iraq and North Korea. One of the goals in the bush presidency was to accelerate progress on deregulating industry and implementing tax reductions in an attempt to weaken the federal government thus strengthening the conservative agenda. The administration relied on executive authority to relax the workplace as well as the environmental regulations. He sought to affect the fiscal, strength of the Treasury and other areas of the government that were most vulnerable politically. The effect of this was powerful as the tax cuts distributed government benefits to Americans, rich and wealthy, which constituted a core part of the Republican coalition. Bush reflected in his practices the policies used by former republican presidents, Richard Nixon and Ronald Reagan. The policies involved placing politically motivated administrators with vested interests in important positions. These administrators were unsympathetic to the programs they managed and thus were ruthless when doing their work. The attacks on the World Trade Centre on September 11 2001 offered Bush an opportunity to establish his political credibility, to reassert presidential leadership and to defend the interests of the United States. Through the event of the United States bombing in 9/11, Bush pushed aggressively for the use of executive-centered national security programs. Such programs involved the expansion of interrogation techniques including torture, which broke the national precedent and ignored international laws on detainee treatment. After the 9/11 event Bush announced an all-out war on terrorism and ordered the invasion of Iraq and Afghanistan. As the United States entered recession in 2007, the bush administration through the enactment of several economic programs took a more direct control of the United States economy in an attempt to preserve the countrys financial system. These policies included among others implementing a 170 billion economic stimulus package which aimed at sending tax rebate checks to Americans and providing tax breaks for struggling businesses. However, the policies were ill-equipped to deal with the looming financial crisis in what is termed to be the longest recession after World War 2 in history. The Presidency of Barrack Obama Obama, within his first 100 days set up to gather up support for his economic stimulus package otherwise known as the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. He further put through Congress the expanded State Health Insurance program. Furthermore, his administration was able to put into law the Ledbetter law which requires equal pay for women in all sectors. The obama administration is also credited with legislating health care reforms. This was done through winning the approval of the congress on a budget resolution regarding the matter. In his campaign and since Obama has heavily criticized the bush administration for ignoring the situation there and focusing too much on Iraq. At the onset of his campaign, Obama promised to withdraw all United States troops from Iraq, within 16 months, though he has laxed on this view, his actions seem to be more anti-war and catious. Analysts have commented that Obamas view on United States emphasis being on Afghanistan as a politically correct stand on the issue. Moreover, the Obama administration broke supported the United Nations declaration on sexual orientation and gender identity and relaxed the enforcement on marijuana laws. It also lifted the ban on embryonic stem research put in place since the Bush administration. Obama also ordered the closure of the Guatanamo bay detention camp in Cuba which was notorious for the infringement of human and detainee rights. Comparison of the two presidents with the federalists and anti-federalists views When comparing the presidencies of the Bush and Obama administrations against the federalists and anti-federalist views it is significant to deem what these citizens based their views on. The Anti-federalists were of the opinion, at the time of founding, that Congress and the executive b ranch of the government wielded too much power. They were also of the opinion that vthe constitution gave too much national power at the expense of the state governments. Additionally they were displeased by the lack of a bill of human rights within the constitution. The federalists, on the other hand responded that the powers were separated into three autonomous branches protected the rights of the people. Each branch was in fact representing a different aspect of the people and as all three were equal, there was fair say among all the branches and thus equity among the people. With this perspective in mind, we can now compare the two presidents. Former president Bush was largely conservative and this was evident through the socio-economic problems that his administrations actions caused. Thus it can be seen that he would largely fit in with the anti-federalist group. Furthermore, his actions to weaken the federal government so as to strengthen the conservative side of the government wing show that he is more anti-federalist than a federalist. President Obama, however, would more fit in with the federalist group. His actions largely bordering on developing policies that benefit all Americans equally show a federalist nature. His call to strengthen the federal government and his actions of abandoning the Bush administration policies further reinforce this fact. Though it can be seen that through his action, President Obama is setting into the mold of a federalist it is still too young in his presidential term to conclude on the issue. Conclusion Though neither president exactly fits into the mould of either federalists or anti-federalists, it can be summarized that through their actions during their term of presidency, George. W. Bush was more of an anti-federalist and President elect Barrack Obama more of a federalist.

Why a sense of identity is important

Why a sense of identity is important There are many definitions of resilience but most have similar components. Gilligans (2000) definition states a set of qualities that helps a person to withstand many of the negative effects of adversity. Bearing in mind what has happened to them, a resilient child does better than he or she ought to do is one of the more straightforward. Critically, most authors consider that resilience is a mixture of nature and nurture. Attributes that some children are born with, such as good intellectual ability and a placid, cheerful temperament, are associated with resilience. Children who are born prematurely and/or with disabilities, who cry and cannot be comforted, who cannot sleep or who will not accept being held are more vulnerable to adversity and may be less likely to be resilient. The term resilience is used to describe why some people struggle hard to cope with life experiences while others survive with self-esteem, identity and their level of wellbeing intact. The concept of resilience has been used to refer to: a positive outcome despite the experience of adversity; continued positive or effective functioning in adverse circumstances; or recovery after a significant trauma. (Masten quoted in Schoon, 2006, p. 7) Johnston-Wilder and Collins quote: What constitutes adversity, adverse conditions and trauma varies among individuals and between cultures. Like adults, children vary considerably as to what they find easy, hard or impossible to deal with. When children are exposed to a stimulus that might offer a threat to self-image or self-esteem, they respond differently. (Johnston-Wilder and Collins, 2008 pg 54) Very little distresses parent/carers more than witnessing their children struggle to cope with lifes difficulties. Trouble, whatever its form or source, holds the potential of engendering negative emotions in children and exhausting their coping resources. If the trouble is serious or long lasting, it may reduce a childs chances of attaining life enhancing goals and experiencing sustained episodes of emotionally invigorating pleasure. It may also move a child on a course of maladaptive functioning. Parent/carers typically devote considerable energy trying to eliminate the source of difficulty or control. However, the government initiatives such as Every Child Matters: Change for Children (DfES, 2004) attempt to address the issue of identity and self-esteem, stressing the importance of supporting all childrens social and emotional development. Such support needs to be based on an understanding of identity formation, which involves a consideration of definitions of identity and of the complexity of the term. John Bowlbys theory of attachment argued that a childs emotional bond to their familial caregiver was a biological response that ensured survival. The quality of attachment, he quotes, has implications for the childs capacity to form trusting relationships. To put Bowlbys theory into practice, Pound states the main positive outcomes of good attachment experiences in the early years seem to be social ones: †¢ Self confidence †¢ Efficacy †¢ Self-esteem †¢ The capacity to care for others and to be cared for. (Pound, 2008, pg 44 and 45) Consequently, the attachment theory suggests that childrens self-esteem is profoundly affected by the quality of early relationships between children and their parents, carers or significant others. Knowledge of attachment and separation behaviours can be useful in supporting children who show unusual signs of stress in unfamiliar social situations, such as the transition to school (Barrett and Trevitt, 1991). Critcially both, Johnston-Wilder and Collins quote: But even exponents of attachment theory recognise that attachment history is only partially useful in predicting some outcomes for children, and even these would not be uniquely predicted by attachment history. Practitioners need to use a range of theories and knowledge to understand the behaviour of children with whom they work and be tolerant of individual differences and needs. There can, however, be pressures on such tolerance: schools, for example, often justify their exclusion policies with reference to the need to educa te all children and keep them safe from harm. (Johnston-Wilder and Collins, 2008 pg 44) Valerie Daniels quotes Being able to communicate is a real asset when working with children. Body language says a lot. What you say, what, the way you behave, even to the other adults in the room makes a very real impact on children. But if at all possible try and be as natural as possible with children. (Open University, 2008) The UNICEF document, An Overview of Child Well-being in Rich Countries provided an overview of the state of childhood in the majority of economically advanced nations of the world. The document states The UK ranked in the bottom third of the country rankings for five of the six dimensions reviewed. While the country ranked higher in the educational well-being dimension, the UK lags behind in terms of relative poverty and deprivation, quality of childrens relationships with their parents and peers, child health and safety, behaviour and risk-taking and subjective well-being. (UNICEF: 2007, pg Report Card 7). Critically, there is still considerable work to be done, to enhance all dimensions of child welfare, despite increased government investments in improving childrens services over the past 10 years. Daniel Coleman quotes critically, parents/carers are asked to attend emotional needs of their children and are prompted to train themselves to handle their interpersonal relations wisely. It is critical, that as a parent/carer, they should know about origin of their emotions, functioning of their brain and positive usage of their feelings. Critically, they need to control their emotions while making decisions; otherwise they have the capability to hijack their rationality. Many may face different situations and make spur of the moment decisions, followed by their emotions. Decisions may not be logical even though they may have sharp logics (Coleman, 1996). Consequently, responsibility for school readiness lies not with the child, but with the parent/carers who care for them and the educational systems. Parent/Carers therefore, need to attend to the emotional needs of their children and prompted to train themselves to handle their own interpersonal relations wisely. Foley and Leverett , quote There are a number of aspects of emotional literacy that may usefully be grouped, such as recognising your own emotional state, managing your own emotions, recognising others emotions, being able to be explicit about feelings, and being able to talk about talking. These skills and understandings are important components with which to build and sustain relationships with others. Here a child describes how, in her school, a simple bully box can encourage children to communicate worries and feelings (Foley and Leverett, 2008 pg 17) This work complements existing national initiatives to promote social and emotional well-being. It should be considered in the context of the Social and Emotional Aspects of Learning (SEAL) programme and related community-based initiatives. SEAL supports childrens social, emotional and behavioural skills. It focuses on five social and emotional aspects of learning: self-awareness, managing feelings, motivation, empathy and social skills. It looks at helping children develop skills such as understanding anothers point of view, working in a group, sticking at things when they get difficult, resolving conflict and managing worries. These initiatives stress the importance of such programmes to enable children to participate fully in the development to ensure their views are heard. However, a growing body of research indicates how identity formation is an important indicator of feelings of wellbeing and self-worth (Canino et al., 2004; Rapee et al., 2006). Our individual perception of, and how we value, ourselves is linked to our behaviour and social performance. This process becomes important to all who work with children because identity formation and feelings of wellbeing are strongly linked to life experiences and success (Kernis, 1995). Poor self-esteem is associated with anxiety development among young children (Canino et al., 2004; Rapee et al., 2006), identity conflict (Kendall and Kessler, 2002) and, in extreme cases, psychiatric distress and disorder (Burns and Rapee, 2006). The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (United Nations, 1989), including the participation rights of the child, and so incorporates a dimension solely based on childrens own sense of wellbeing. International measurements and comparisons such as these should give an indication of a countrys strengths and weaknesses and of what is achievable; childrens wellbeing in rich countries is, in reality, policy-susceptible. It would appear that the UK has rather more weaknesses than strengths; the UK, at the time of writing, was in the bottom third of the rankings for five of the six dimensions of childrens wellbeing in the UNICEF report. Critically, practitioners face a dilemma around needing to both accept and change childrens perceptions of themselves in order to promote their wellbeing. Developing resilience is also of vital importance if children are to face up to and cope successfully with the challenges that come their way. Consequently, Susan Rodger states Youth Inclusion Project was developed to encourage young people with disabilities to access mainstream clubs and groups. I think its important they attend clubs like everybody else. They should be allowed to have that sense of belonging in these organisations without having to have their mum perhaps going along with them. (Open University, 2008). Lorraine states: If you see her body language, when she walks in, and shes walking up high and her shoulders are back and shes walking in and she thinks shes the bees knees. And shes saying bye to her brothers and you know, theyre quite high because they think its great that their sisters doing the same things as an y other girls and thats really important for their self-esteem too. It speaks volumes. I think its a struggle to get a child like Vanessa involved in just normal activities, usually because of peoples attitudes, because that attitude can be based on fear, it can be based on ignorance, it can be based on a whole variety of reasons, but it was a struggle. I mean like most things with a child with disability, to actually get to the point baseline almost, where other parents are, you know, starting off from, is a struggle. So it wasnt easy because not all the Guide groups in Stirling wanted to take her. (Open University, 2008). Other important issues are: what working effectively with others means; how the relevant skills develop; how children can be enabled to make choices about fitting in; where things may go wrong; and how positive intervention strategies can be applied. Nicola Fry quotes Children need to development their sense of responsibility not just to others but themselves. If I am talking to a group of children we all have to respect that  a particular  child has the right to be listened too and views taken seriously, then that child must realise that applies to the other children too and it then becomes his responsibility to listen.. and so on. (Open University, 2010). Critically, Identity is a complex term and process and consequently influenced by a myriad of social factors, an identity develops and evolves as a life story. Identity formation begins prior to birth and is influenced by social context, interpersonal relationships and the social construction of meaning. An understanding of the complexity and fluidity of identity development can help us to question ascribed labels, which may create barriers for children and between children. This provides practitioners working with children with a methodological instrument that urges them to examine the importance of the whole child and the whole child in context. Childrens wellbeing is connected to finding out about themselves and who they want to be. In the light of a childs right to preserve his or her identity (United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, United Nations, 1989), practitioners have a responsibility to ensure that the children with whom they work can develop an identity in an atmosphere that challenges discrimination and prejudice. Consequently, adults need to know the children with whom they work, to work to build positive relationships with them and between children themselves, understanding and respecting their individual and emerging frames of reference. As professionals who work with families, our willingness to talk openly about identity and to help foster a positive sense of self in children can make an enormous difference in affirming the rich diversity of our human community and helping children make bridges across cultures and traditions. Children need to be treated as individuals; one size fits all responses are not helpful. Remember that communication of your interest and concern in the child is essential; it is often the little things where, for instance, you have gone the extra mile beyond the call of duty, where you have bought something the child particularly treasures or you have just been there to listen and comfort, that matter and are remembered. Residential workers who have a determined resilience perspective will often make a positive and long lasting difference to looked after childrens lives.

Response to Reading Rohinton Mistrys A Fine Balance Essay -- A Fine B

Response to Reading Rohinton Mistry's A Fine Balance I chose to read Rohinton Mistry’s A Fine Balance, a story about four very different people living in India during a period of great civil unrest known as The State of Emergency. I found this book incredibly easy to get into because of the way Mistry writes. He seems to create the story around you, placing you in the setting as a viewer, involving you in the lives of the characters. Mistry clearly outlines the political and economic situation of India at the time, further emphasizing the plight of the main characters. The first thing I noticed about Mistry’s writing style is his incredible ability to make you feel like you’ve actually shifted to another country, another continent even. His descriptive ability allowed me to imagine so many little details in the book, the smell of the street, the loud, boisterous vendors screaming their slogans as pedestrians walk by. You really get to feel as if you are witnessing the events as they unfold. The first part of the book explained the story but then it promptly switched to brief histories of each of the main characters before introducing them to the main plot. Mistry gives you the diverse backgrounds of all the main characters, using his beautifully descriptive language to make even simple things brilliant. The story takes place in an â€Å"unnamed City by the Sea† somewhere in India, exploring the lives of four very different people. Mistry creates characters that come from a very different world than I’m used to, maki ng the story all the more interesting for me. Mistry included many cultural references in the story that I looked up so that I knew a little more about the basis of the story. Before I had read this novel I had no knowledge of the State of Emergency (having been born after it took place) so I found reading about it from the perspective of a person experiencing it, very informative. This first section of the novel displays the interaction of the characters quite differently form the interaction they eventually have. All the characters are stiff and formal with each other. It is not until the next section of the book that they start to warm up to each other. Reading Response Journal #2 The beginning of this section marks a change in the book as all the main characters are now living under one roof and their attitude... ...of writing impressive and elegant without being over the top. He takes you on a roller coaster of emotions throughout the novel, leading you from happiness to depression in the blink of an eye. This book taught me something I had already vaguely known, that the world can be a very cruel place. The problem was I had never truly imagined it this cruel and abusive. It broke my heart and completely re-enforced my plans as to what I’m doing after I finish university. I plan on working for th UN in underdeveloped countries, focussing on social interactions and medical services. The way Mistry wrote this book affected me deeply. I think the theme of this book was about the power of human perseverance and the ability of the downtrodden to always look for ward to the next day with optimism. The four characters in this novel face tremendous ordeals and yet they still manage to maintain a small amount of control over their lives. Mistry writes in such a way that you can see their vul nerability, but you can also see how mentally and physically strong they are. They find comfort in the small things we take for granted, and as such they truly show their faith in a society that is failing them.

The Narcissistic Willy Loman in Death of a Salesman :: Death Salesman essays

The Narcissistic Willy Loman in Arthur Miller's Death of a Salesman    Many dilemmas throughout the recent decades are repercussions of an individual's foibles. Arthur Miller represents this problem in society within the actions of Willy Loman in his modern play Death of a Salesman. In this controversial play, Willy is a despicable hero who imposes his false value system upon his family and himself because of his own rueful nature, which is akin to an everyman. This personality was described by Arthur Miller himself who "Believe[s] that the common man is as apt a subject for a tragedy in its highest sense as kings were" (Tragedy 1). An additional segment of his common human nature is Willy's self-centeredness. Although one might say that the American Dream is imposed upon him by the society, Willy himself creates his dream. Willy supports this claim when he praises Dave Singleman's career to Howard: "And when I saw that, I realized that selling was the greatest career a man could want" (Miller 81). His nostalgia for a non-existing future is also proven by the fact that no one else in his environment has a similar, impossible dream: "If he were not wearing the rose colored glasses of the myth of the American Dream, he would see that Charley and his son are successful because of lifelong hard work and not because of the illusions of social popularity and physical appearances" (Spark 11). Surely the false ego and pride predicted to come from his assured success are the bridges that prevents Willy from seeing through his fake dream, pushing him to persuade the rest of his family to worship it along with him. Biff sadly bites the apple when he realizes his fate: Willy! I ran down eleven flights with a pen in my hand today. And suddenly I stopped, do you hear me? And in the middle of that building and I saw--the sky. I saw the things that I love in this world. The work and the food and the time to sit and smoke. And I looked at the pen and said to myself, what the hell am I grabbing this for? Why am I trying to become what I don't want to be?

Serious Case Reviews in Childcare Sector

Unit 25Understand how to Safeguard the Wellbeing of Children and Young People Outcome 1. 4 Explain when and why inquiries and serious case reviews are required and how the sharing of the findings informs practice. Serious Case Reviews (SCR’s) are undertaken when a child dies (including death by suspected suicide), by a local authority (and more often than not by the Local Children’s Safeguarding Board) if abuse or neglect is known or suspected to be a factor in the death.SCR’s are not enquiries into how a child died or who was responsible; that is a matter for the Coroner's and Criminal Courts to determine. Instead the purpose of Serious Case Reviews is to: †¢ Establish whether there are lessons to be learned from the case about the way in which local professionals and organisations work together to safeguard and promote the welfare of children. †¢ Identify clearly what those lessons are, how they will be acted on and what is expected to change as a res ult. †¢ Improve inter-agency working and better safeguard and promote the welfare of children.Additionally, LSCB’s may decide to conduct a SCR whenever a child has been seriously harmed in any of the following situations and the case gives rise to concerns about the way in which local professionals and services worked together to safeguard and promote the welfare of children (including inter-agency and inter-disciplinary working). The two most popular deaths in recent years to be highlighted by the media which highlighted public concern about safeguarding concerns within the children are undoubtedly the deaths of Victoria Climbie and Peter Connelly (Baby P).In both of these cases there was public outrage, especially at the magnitude of Peter's injuries, and partly because Peter had lived in the London Borough of Haringey, North London, under the same child care authorities that had already failed ten years earlier in the case of Victoria Climbie. Her tragic circumstances had led to a public enquiry which resulted in measures being put in place in an effort to prevent similar cases happening. The child protection services of Haringey and other agencies were widely criticised following Baby P’s death.Following the conviction, three inquiries and a nationwide review of social service care were launched, and the Head of Children's Services at Haringey removed from post. Another nationwide review was conducted by Lord Laming into his own recommendations concerning Victoria Climbie's killing in 2000. The death was also the subject of debate in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom. The public’s viewpoint on the tragedy of Baby P was that it should never have happened as he was already known to social services and was seen as many as sixty times by social services, but still died horrifically at the hands of his carers.All of these incidents have resulted in a distinct lack of confidence in the work that social workers do and the childr en’s sector overall, and it will take a long time to rebuild that trust. The Baby P case in particular has damaged social work’s public image, led to fewer people entering the profession and made it harder to retain experienced staff. It is certainly the case that social work has a rather poor public image and that it seemingly can do no right whatever it does.At times, the profession is castigated for putting children at risk by failing to intervene early enough into family life, whilst on other occasions it is criticised for undermining parental authority by interfering too readily. Partnership working increased and tightened after the death of Victoria Climbie and included the implementation of the Children Act 2004 and the public enquiry into the circumstances surrounding her death. The inquiry, chaired by Lord Laming, found massive failings on the part of as many as twelve agencies with a role to play in protecting children.The findings led to recommendations for a radical reform of services, particularly in the areas of better joined up working and information sharing. Following this, several programmes and frameworks were later implemented into all establishments that worked with children, and these included â€Å"Every Child Matters† services, planned around children’s and young people’s needs and the improvement of the five key outcomes which contribute to their well-being: be healthy, stay safe, enjoy & achieve, make a positive contribution and achieve economic well-being.There was also the implementation of the Common Assessment Framework (CAF) system which enables multi agencies to access and add information about a child’s needs. The CAF is used at the earliest opportunity when it is highlighted that a baby, child or young person may need help in their lives in order to progress. It is used when there is concern about a child, or agencies have recognised a child has additional needs, that require further e xploration and a multi-agency response.The assessment provides further information and understanding of the child’s circumstances. Another more recently publicised incident, included the review into â€Å"Little Teds† nursery whereby a member of staff, Vanessa George abused toddlers at the nursery, photographed it and publicised it on the internet, showed a lack of staff supervision and training within the setting, which again caused public outrage.The serious case review for this incident report detailed a number of lessons learned, which included the danger of mobile phones within day care settings. As a result locally the use of mobile phones is now prohibited in any children’s centre within the Wakefield district, however it is recognised that this alone will not prevent abuse or transmission of images on the internet from taking place.Other lessons learned is that staff at Little Ted’s Nursery did not recognise the escalation of George's sexualised b ehaviour as a warning sign and there is an urgent need for staff working in early years settings to receive training to help recognise potential signs of abuse and become confident in responding to a fellow staff member's behaviour. As a result, training on â€Å"whistle blowing† and the need for policies and procedures to be in place has become a more urgent need in the childcare sector.Other recommendations set out by the Little Teds SCR include the need for The Early Years Foundation Stage to set out specific requirements for child protection training which considers sexual abuse and the recognition of abuse within the workplace; also the need for the Government to review and consider changing the status of day care settings operating as unincorporated bodies to ensure that governance and accountability arrangements are fit for purpose and are sufficiently clear to enable parents and professionals to raise concerns and challenge poor practice. Serious Case Reviews in Childcare Sector Unit 25Understand how to Safeguard the Wellbeing of Children and Young People Outcome 1. 4 Explain when and why inquiries and serious case reviews are required and how the sharing of the findings informs practice. Serious Case Reviews (SCR’s) are undertaken when a child dies (including death by suspected suicide), by a local authority (and more often than not by the Local Children’s Safeguarding Board) if abuse or neglect is known or suspected to be a factor in the death.SCR’s are not enquiries into how a child died or who was responsible; that is a matter for the Coroner's and Criminal Courts to determine. Instead the purpose of Serious Case Reviews is to: †¢ Establish whether there are lessons to be learned from the case about the way in which local professionals and organisations work together to safeguard and promote the welfare of children. †¢ Identify clearly what those lessons are, how they will be acted on and what is expected to change as a res ult. †¢ Improve inter-agency working and better safeguard and promote the welfare of children.Additionally, LSCB’s may decide to conduct a SCR whenever a child has been seriously harmed in any of the following situations and the case gives rise to concerns about the way in which local professionals and services worked together to safeguard and promote the welfare of children (including inter-agency and inter-disciplinary working). The two most popular deaths in recent years to be highlighted by the media which highlighted public concern about safeguarding concerns within the children are undoubtedly the deaths of Victoria Climbie and Peter Connelly (Baby P).In both of these cases there was public outrage, especially at the magnitude of Peter's injuries, and partly because Peter had lived in the London Borough of Haringey, North London, under the same child care authorities that had already failed ten years earlier in the case of Victoria Climbie. Her tragic circumstances had led to a public enquiry which resulted in measures being put in place in an effort to prevent similar cases happening. The child protection services of Haringey and other agencies were widely criticised following Baby P’s death.Following the conviction, three inquiries and a nationwide review of social service care were launched, and the Head of Children's Services at Haringey removed from post. Another nationwide review was conducted by Lord Laming into his own recommendations concerning Victoria Climbie's killing in 2000. The death was also the subject of debate in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom. The public’s viewpoint on the tragedy of Baby P was that it should never have happened as he was already known to social services and was seen as many as sixty times by social services, but still died horrifically at the hands of his carers.All of these incidents have resulted in a distinct lack of confidence in the work that social workers do and the childr en’s sector overall, and it will take a long time to rebuild that trust. The Baby P case in particular has damaged social work’s public image, led to fewer people entering the profession and made it harder to retain experienced staff. It is certainly the case that social work has a rather poor public image and that it seemingly can do no right whatever it does.At times, the profession is castigated for putting children at risk by failing to intervene early enough into family life, whilst on other occasions it is criticised for undermining parental authority by interfering too readily. Partnership working increased and tightened after the death of Victoria Climbie and included the implementation of the Children Act 2004 and the public enquiry into the circumstances surrounding her death. The inquiry, chaired by Lord Laming, found massive failings on the part of as many as twelve agencies with a role to play in protecting children.The findings led to recommendations for a radical reform of services, particularly in the areas of better joined up working and information sharing. Following this, several programmes and frameworks were later implemented into all establishments that worked with children, and these included â€Å"Every Child Matters† services, planned around children’s and young people’s needs and the improvement of the five key outcomes which contribute to their well-being: be healthy, stay safe, enjoy & achieve, make a positive contribution and achieve economic well-being.There was also the implementation of the Common Assessment Framework (CAF) system which enables multi agencies to access and add information about a child’s needs. The CAF is used at the earliest opportunity when it is highlighted that a baby, child or young person may need help in their lives in order to progress. It is used when there is concern about a child, or agencies have recognised a child has additional needs, that require further e xploration and a multi-agency response.The assessment provides further information and understanding of the child’s circumstances. Another more recently publicised incident, included the review into â€Å"Little Teds† nursery whereby a member of staff, Vanessa George abused toddlers at the nursery, photographed it and publicised it on the internet, showed a lack of staff supervision and training within the setting, which again caused public outrage.The serious case review for this incident report detailed a number of lessons learned, which included the danger of mobile phones within day care settings. As a result locally the use of mobile phones is now prohibited in any children’s centre within the Wakefield district, however it is recognised that this alone will not prevent abuse or transmission of images on the internet from taking place.Other lessons learned is that staff at Little Ted’s Nursery did not recognise the escalation of George's sexualised b ehaviour as a warning sign and there is an urgent need for staff working in early years settings to receive training to help recognise potential signs of abuse and become confident in responding to a fellow staff member's behaviour. As a result, training on â€Å"whistle blowing† and the need for policies and procedures to be in place has become a more urgent need in the childcare sector.Other recommendations set out by the Little Teds SCR include the need for The Early Years Foundation Stage to set out specific requirements for child protection training which considers sexual abuse and the recognition of abuse within the workplace; also the need for the Government to review and consider changing the status of day care settings operating as unincorporated bodies to ensure that governance and accountability arrangements are fit for purpose and are sufficiently clear to enable parents and professionals to raise concerns and challenge poor practice.

The Economics of Unemployment: A Comparative Analysis

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We are grateful to Ms. Asma Hyder who was a great help in the project. She was always available to help us with the problem areas. She took out time for us at all times, putting her work aside therefore we thank her for the effort she has put into our project. Her encouragement has always inspired us as she helped us whenever we needed her help. She helped us in our problem areas all the time. It would have been a difficult task having to do our project without her help. Executive Summary: This report starts with the introduction of unemployment followed by the explanations of various types of unemployment. The report also contains the objective for doing the project and motivation behind doing research on this particular topic. The major portion of the report contains the data and its analysis which is done with the help of bar graphs . It also contains the reasons for increased unemployment and the consequences that Pakistan is facing due to increased unemployment. Some of the major governmental policies have also been discussed in this report and the effect of those policies. In the end a brief conclusion of the research work has also been given. The tables giving comparison of unemployment with age, sex and provinces are provided in the annexure. Table of Contents INTRODUCTION:4 PRESENT SITUATION6 OBJECTIVE:8 MOTIVATION BEHIND THE TOPIC:8 ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY:9 LITERATURE REVIEW10 DATA12 Unemployment Rates: Sex and Age13 Required data:17 ANALYSIS19 ANALYSIS OF UNEMPLOYMENT RATE VERSUS GDP GROWTH RATE20 Comparison of GDP with unemployment using bar chart21 ANALYSIS OF UNEMPLOYMENT RATE VERSUS INVESTMENT GROWTH RATE22 Comparison of investment with unemployment using bar chart22 ANALYSIS OF UNEMPLOYMENT RATE VERSUS EXPORT GROWTH RATE23 ANALYSIS OF UNEMPLOYMENT RATE PROVINCE WISE25 ANALYSIS OF UNEMPLOYMENT RATE RURAL/URBAN WISE26 ANALYSIS OF UNEMPLOYMENT RATE AGE AND GENDER WISE27 CONCLUSION:30 GOVERNMENT POLICIES:32 PROGRAMS INITIATED BY GOVERNMENT:33 REFERENCES:37 ANNEXURE39 INTRODUCTION: Unemployment refers to the inability for willing workers to find gainful employment. The degree of unemployment in a nation is one indicator of the economic health of the country. Many factors can negatively affect the unemployment rate including corporate downsizing, mergers, implementation of automation technologies, and job outsourcing to other nations. TYPES OF UNEMPLOYMENT: Structural Unemployment Structural unemployment is caused by a mismatch between jobs offered by employers and potential workers. This may pertain to geographical location, skills, and many other factors. Cyclical Unemployment Cyclical unemployment also known as demand deficient unemployment occurs when there is not enough aggregate demand in the economy. This is caused by a business cycle recession and wages not falling to meet the equilibrium rate. Frictional Unemployment It represents people who are temporarily unemployed because they are in between jobs. Seasonal Unemployment Seasonal unemployment occurs because of the seasonal nature of some jobs (fruit pickers) Underemployed It refers to people who are working less than full-time hours but would like to work longer Long-term Unemployed These are people who have been unemployed for longer than 12 months. Hard core Unemployment: These are people who are unemployed due to their personal, mental or physical characteristics. Major Causes of Unemployment in PAKISTAN from Past to Present: 1. Employment in the private sector absolutely stopped because they shifted their capital to other countries because of nationalization of industrial units which badly affected the investment industrial sector. 2. The higher growth rate of population is the major cause of unemployment in Pakistan. The resources of the country are limited because population has exceeded the optimum level. . Karachi is the biggest industrial base of Pakistan, but investors are reluctant to invest there because of unrest and violence. 4. Our educational system is also responsible for increasing unemployment rate among the educated youth. The attitude of our youth towards the choice of a career is unrealistic and unproductive. Rapid mechanization and computer technology also causing unemployment. 5. Lack of infrastructure and facilities in the field of energy, telecommunication and transportation also prevent the industrialist from setting up new industries. . Lack of enough industries to employ ever increasing number of graduate in Pakistan 7. The government is not involving in capital expenditures which create more jobs. 8. Main issue of unemployment in our country is that when ever a new technology comes as software or hardware then all the people start to learn that. Then at the end, you will see tens of thousands of students of a particular field against about 5 to 10 job vacancies. 9. Things are not handled in appropriate manner, as the vacancies are less but job seekers are more than that. 10. Opportunities are not enough and system of reference is so much indulged in our society that if a company needs employees then workers of that company will provide resume of their relatives and friends thereby influencing employment decisions, so in this way many people don’t get the opportunity to apply for those jobs. 11. Lastly, our country’s present law and order situation is proving very detrimental to the investment climate and is one of the main hindrances for achieving employment goals which need immediate remedy PRESENT SITUATION: Unemployment is a growing problem of every nation. Pakistan has reached a critical stage and joblessness is increasing daily. Moreover, downsizing in many government offices and within the private sector have exacerbated the problem Economists caution that unemployment is likely to grow at a more rapid pace in the years ahead. â€Å"Half the population is below 18 years of age,† â€Å"So entry into the labour force is fairly high and therefore the labour force growth numbers and the unemployment growth numbers will be very high. † Also the female participation in the labour force is amongst the lowest in Asia and comparable only to Sub-Saharan Africa. According to the labour force survey, the crude activity rate (which measures the percentage of labour force in the total population) stands at 9. 3 percent for women compared to 47. 6 percent for men. ?Latest Unemployment Rates in Pakistan: Unemployment Rates? Using Bar Chart: Unemployment Rates? Using Line Chart: OBJECTIVE: This topic has been selected with the objective of finding out what are the reasons that are behind increased unemployment in Pakistan. This objective led us towards the start of our project because unemployment is not a single dilemma of our country it has deep influence on other economic factors. Unemployment has a relation with inflation, GDP, country’s export which we are aim to find how this impact is going to effect and had affected our economy from past. Moreover our objective is to look at how we can improve the situation and how can we create unemployment in our country which will not be beneficial at macro but also effect at the micro level of our country. MOTIVATION BEHIND THE TOPIC: Unemployment is not a single problem it is related to many other problems that poorly impact the economic growth. Unemployment affects the social cost which includes increasing poverty, personal hardships, depression, decay of unused skills, and increase in crime as well as family disputes. In a nutshell, level of dissatisfaction rises higher and higher among unemployed people. In order to reduce the percentage of unemployment from our society we have planned to work on this issue as we have observed that the percentage of unemployment is increasing remarkably in our rural as well as urban areas. Secondly we are motivated that may be we provide our government and employers with some helpful suggestions that will increase the employment ratio. Keeping in view the present economic conditions prevalent in Pakistan in which country faces high inflation due to gap between revenues and expenses. It is suggested that Pakistan should pursue generating enough revenues, so as to meet its local and international commitments, needs to use its human resource or reduce unemployment by setting up new projects which can generate economic stimulus and thereby reduce gap between revenues and expenses which will impact other economic fundamentals. ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY: Total duration: 12-weeks First Phase (3-weeks): Research from the Secondary data sources such as research journals HEC’s Digital Library Online Directories Economic Survey of Pakistan National Bureau of Statistics etc. Second Phase (5-weeks): Analysis of the collected data which will include Causes of Unemployment Effects of Unemployment on Economy Past trends how unemployment percentage increases and what are the factors behind them Representation of the trends through charts. Organization of the researched material Application of Statistical tools on the collected secondary data Third Phase (3-weeks): Interpretation based on the Statistical Analysis Conclusion LITERATURE REVIEW Kakwani, N. , and H. Son. Hyun (2006). This paper deal with the method of unemployment. The author say we should also take those people in account who are earning below substances level of income in the labour market. The proposed methodology was applied to Brazil’s unit record household survey for the period starting from 1995 to 2004. According to author those people who r underpaid also consider themselves unemployed, because they are working only to survive. Unemployment is generally defined as not working or working few hours but if a person works voluntarily but earns a lot of money then he/she should not be considered as unemployed. In this article a new method is introduced that combines two aspects of labour market (unemployment and under employment) and arrives at a new index of unemployment that satisfy certain desirable properties. Marvin, D. Krohn (1999). This article is based on the correlation analyses of two variable namely unequal distribution of income and the unemployment which are becoming the major causes of crime. The result when further tested indicated that there exists a moderate positive relationship between unemployment and homicide rates, however a small negative relationship is observed between unemployment rates and total crime rates. When these results were investigated further to see if some relationship were due to the effects of industrialization or because of some other factors it was observed that the zero order correlation among the total crime rates are not changed. The details of these results are also discussed in the reference of the article. K. Rukhsana (2003). In this paper explores the factors responsible for unemployment in Pakistan. It is hypothesized that population and GDP exerts strong impact on Pakistan’s economy. Direct relationship is assumed to hold between unemployment and population. In this article 13 year data is taken for analysis on which regression is run to obtain the required results. According to the results that were obtained it could be concluded that radical increase in population will remove the employment opportunity and in order to reduce unemployment rate high growth in GDP is suggested. Therefore In order to bring employment opportunities in the country government should look on to the two areas i. e. control population and work in direction that would result in GDP. Hyder , A. (2007) This article is based on the unemployment is rising with striking proportion majorly because of the appeal of the public sector jobs , not in terms of wages , but surprisingly in terms of fringe benefits. People avoid the private sector despite lucrative packages being offered and tend to form long queues in wait for the public sector jobs. The basic elements supporting such impractical decisions are the cultural trends, financial dependency on parents even at later ages, and low movement of individuals from one place to another also makes them feel well-settled and satisfied, saving them from acute unemployment stress. These factors effectively support an individual’s unemployment status for the longer time duration. Regarding to the greater availability of public sector jobs in the urban areas these issues are definitely more significant there. Ghayur, S (1996) says 5% is the unemployment percentage and absorption capacity is 3%. Those employed, quarter of them find work to meet half their subsistence requirements. A tenth find their work cannot keep them busy more than 35 hours a week. There are long working hours , working conditions are poor and hazardous to health. Free trade regime is direct threat to employment safety. Labour laws are fragmented and child labour is widespread. Labour force is estimated at 34. 74 million (1993-94). Males account for 94% of labour force between the ages of 24-54 years. About 16. 8% boys and 6. 9% girls of the age group 10-14 comprise labour force. There is widespread unemployment and those that employed are under paid, working in poor conditions and have labour laws that can’t protect them. There is great potential for employment sectors such as agriculture to further increase their employment percentages as they are under employing labour force as discussed in the preceding paragraphs. DATA Unemployment Rates: Sex and Age Table I Table II Table III Table IV Graph of the Unemployment Rates: Sex and Age Graph I Graph II Graph III The above three graphs represent relation of unemployment with age and sex. From the above graph we have concluded that the percentage of unemployment is minimum for men between age 35-39 from year 1999-2007. Whereas the age group representing lowest percentage of unemployment among females is 45-49 from 1999-2004. However then unemployment in the women between age group of 35-39 showed lowest percentage from 2004-07. Required data: From the above tables and graphs we seperated the figures that meet our needs and transformed them into separate tables which are given below( The graphical analysis of this data is in the analysis Part). Table-I UNEMPLOYMENT AND GDP Table-II UNEMPLOYMENT AND INVESTMENT Table-III UNEMPLOYMENT AND EXPORTS Table-IV UNEMPLOYMENT,INFLATION,EXPORTS AND INVESTMENT ANALYSIS BACKGROUND: We have selected three basic variables for analysis of unemployment rate over last 9 years. These include GDP growth, Investment and Exports. There are line and bar chart analysis of unemployment rate with all these three variables as well. In the end we have also conducted analysis of unemployment rate with respect to province, rural/urban and age wise. ANALYSIS OF UNEMPLOYMENT RATE VERSUS GDP GROWTH RATE Comparison of GDP with unemployment using frequency curve Comparison of GDP with unemployment using bar chart Analysis of GDP Growth Rate: Increase in GDP growth rate shall cause overall decrease in unemployment rate. It can be seen from above graphical analysis on the collected data that from year 1999 to 2001 there was a decrease in GDP resulting in an increase in unemployment. i. e. lesser the growth of economy means lesser number of jobs thus increased unemployment. But as during the period of 2001-2002 Musharraf government took some drastic steps like creating jobs in IT sector thus there was a decrease in unemployment despite decrease in GDP and investment. On the other hand there was a steady growth in GDP from year 2002 onwards especially growth of services sector which included telecom, transport etc. , resulting in decreased unemployment. When Musharraf’s regime had established itself as stable government to the rest of the world especially after the first elections the economy of the Pakistan was at its peak. GDP growth, spurred by gains in the industrial and service sectors, remained in the 6-8% range in 2004-06. In 2005, the World Bank named Pakistan the top reformer in its region and in the top 10 reformers globally. ANALYSIS OF UNEMPLOYMENT RATE VERSUS INVESTMENT GROWTH RATE Comparison of investment with unemployment using bar chart Analysis of Investment Growth Rate: Increase in investment will cause a decrease in unemployment. It can be seen that there was an increase in investment for years 1999-2001 but even then unemployment increased due to the fact that as the investment is always committed first and jobs are created later. But increase in investment had started to impact decrease in unemployment after year 2001 onwards. Overall there was a increase in investment thereby decreasing unemployment as it is clearly evident from the line and bar charts. ANALYSIS OF UNEMPLOYMENT RATE VERSUS EXPORT GROWTH RATE Comparison of export growth rate with unemployment using bar chart Analysis of Export Growth Rate: Increase in exports will cause a decrease in unemployment as more jobs are created for export related activities. It is observed from the collected data’s graphical analysis that exports for the year 1999-2000 registered a negative growth of -9. 8% thus there was a resultant increase in unemployment for the same period. But for the year 2000-2001 there was a high growth of 10. % in exports met by decrease in unemployment in later years. Exports continued to keep a same level of growth from 2001 to 2003 with almost 0 % growth for year 2002-2003 as compared to previous year. Thus there was an overall decrease in unemployment. But for the year 2003 when exports registered -0. 7 % growth there was a simultaneous increase in unemployment. For the rest of the years Pakistan did not register any negative export growth thus unemploy ment as a whole also decreased. ANALYSIS OF UNEMPLOYMENT RATE PROVINCE WISE Bar chart of unemployment rates in provinces Analysis of Unemployment Rate Province Wise: From the above graphical analysis we can see that in 1999 the unemployment was very high as compared to 2007. The reduction in the province wise unemployment is the result of overall reduction in unemployment all around the Pakistan. As Pakistan was recording high GDP growth rates from 2003-04 to 2006-07, overall the economy of the Pakistan was on the rise. The political and law and order enforcement situation was very stable, the Telecom sector was expanding a great deal in all the provinces which was creating a lot of jobs. During this period there were many public sector development programs in progress especially in underdeveloped areas which were offering jobs. ANALYSIS OF UNEMPLOYMENT RATE RURAL/URBAN WISE Bar chart of unemployment rates rural and urban areas Analysis of Unemployment Rate Rural/Urban Wise: From the above bar diagram we can see that unemployment from 1999-00 to 2006-07 in both rural and urban areas decreased from 8. 1 to 4. 75% and from 10. 2 to 6. 7% respectively. In 1999 Pervez Musharraf took over the Government, because of which most of the countries in the world stopped supporting Pakistan and Pakistan had to suffer a lot of crises. When this govt. got stable and the countries of the world started to open up their relations with Pakistan then there was a lot of aid coming from all the developed countries which stabilized Pakistan’s financial condition. After 9/11 Afghan war also started and Pakistan got a lot of financial support from USA and many other countries of the world which acted as a cushion to Pakistan’s external and internal account deficit conditions thereby allowing spending to other developmental projects in rural and urban areas so as to reduce overall unemployment. From 2003 onwards there was a Telecom and IT boom in Pakistan. Musharraf Govt had steadily risen developmental spending from 2003 onwards, including a 52% real increase in the budget allocation for developmental projects in FY07, a necessary step toward reversing the broad underdevelopment of its social structure. Even the reconstruction of the devastating Kashmir earthquake in 2005 created a lot of jobs for the people of Pakistan who contributed in different ways. During this period govt. was stable and there was peace all over the country, so there was a lot of investment committed to Telecom sector which created many jobs for the urban population. Also govt. ook many projects on its own to computerize almost all the ministries and associated departments like NADRA which also increased opportunities for computer literate persons. Many people started their own businesses in big cities which resulted in creating job opportunities for many people. Because of these reasons there was noticeable decrease in unemployment all around the Pakistan. ANAL YSIS OF UNEMPLOYMENT RATE AGE AND GENDER WISE 3-D bar chart showing unemployment with respect to age and gender in different years Where: F= Cumulative Frequency. Where: F= Cumulative Frequency. Analysis of Unemployment Rate Age Wise: It can be seen that overall unemployment rates are highest for 60 years and above age group as it is retirement age and very few jobs exist if any for such a age group in the country. Followed by this group, the high unemployment rate is in the age group of 10 to 19 years of age. Also such people are either employed in such sectors which fall in child abuse or not employed at all. Unemployment rate is lowest for 30 to 49 years of age group people. As such a age group has gone through enough of hard time and gained enough experience so as to ultimately find some good stable job and settle. On the other hand age group people of 20 to 29 years of age have high unemployment rate due to the above mentioned settling process that they are in. But still there are more job opportunities for 20 to 29 years of age group age group than 10-19 years of age group thus overall lower unemployment rate. CONCLUSION: Since unemployment is one of the major problems of Pakistan and the level of unemployment is moving up. The socio economic system of the country and institutions has failed to provide employment to the increasing labor force. The rate of expansion in industrial sector is very slow. The increasing labor force has not been absorbed. Increasing output of general education institutions is the major cause of educated young men’s unemployment. Technical, professional and vocational institutions are limited in number. We have also concluded that the high share of highly educated unemployed person indicate a lack of sufficient professional and high level technical jobs. Another variable that could be impacting this ratio in a positive way is that many qualified jobseekers might be accepting employment below their skill level, or underemployment. It is interesting to note that the levels of education of unemployed females are relatively high. When looking at the unemployment rates by education level, women have seen a significant decline in levels below intermediate, but only a minor drop in the rate at degree level since 1999. There are several possible explanations for this. One explanation, as reflected in employment by status and employment by sector indicators, points at labour market segregation along gender lines, which is confirmed by research on the occupational distribution of the employed disaggregated by sex ( Nasir, 2005). Therefore, barriers may prevent women from obtaining employment in high skilled jobs for which they are qualified at (PET, 2007). Another explanation for the relatively high educational attainment levels of female unemployed is a mismatch between the skills required and those supplied. Indicators regarding the (pre employment) educational attainment of the labour force are not sufficient to assess the extent to which the education and training system provides the skills that are required by the economy. Moreover no career guidance, lack of awareness regarding available jobs, high expectations without commensurate experience, little understanding of work ethics and the weak economy. This situation can be improved by small enterprise development (SED) activities, entrepreneurial and technical skills, increased financial resources and management skills, and increased participation of women in economic activities providing more income for the family as compared to a single breadwinner. Government has initiated many unemployment reduction programs some of them worked but not to large extent ,if these programs had worked there will be not only increased unemployment but also decrease in poverty will be observed as people get more jobs poverty will be eliminated from the society. Due to increased terrorist attacks uncertainty has also increased and many multinational and foreign companies are not willing to set up their business in Pakistan this had also hindered the opportunities of unemployment. GOVERNMENT POLICIES: The most important fundamental right is none else than the availability of a productive work opportunity to the able and willing to work citizen of a country. Recognition of this right is duly acknowledged in the Constitution of Pakistan. The article 38 of the Constitution states that â€Å"the State shall provide for all citizens †¦. facilities for work and adequate livelihood with reasonable rest and leisure†. In fact, the state is also required to provide social security by compulsory social insurance as well as basic necessities of life to those permanently or temporarily unable to earn livelihood. The Government is pursuing policies that motivate and promote the private sector, whereby its role is expanded in employment augmenti ng activities. Though the private sector is responding, the growth is largely concentrated in the informal sector. The informal sector is not preferred as it has low wages and largely poor working conditions. In rural areas, agriculture is the mainstay but the average land holdings are small and corporate farming as yet to take grounds. †¢Making employment central in economic and social policy making, †¢ †¢Emphasis on both the quantity and quality of jobs generated in the economy. †¢Increasing employment intensity of growth and creation of decent employment through appropriate macro, trade, labor market and sectoral policies. †¢Strengthen institutions to create an efficient and equitable labor market. Active involvement of employers’ and workers’ organizations and civil society in formulation of employment policy. †¢Create favorable conditions for growth of the private sector especially SMEs and other labor absorbing sectors. †¢Create a competitive and productive world class labor force, and Strengthen institutional machinery for employment policy making, HRD and monitoring labor market development PROGRAMS INITIATED BY GOVERNMENT: The Public Sector Development Program (PSDP) for the fiscal year 2004-05 has been increased to Rs. 202 billion, a 26 percent increase over 2003-04 PSDP of Rs 160 billion. Since the focus of PSDP for 2004-05 has been on accelerating growth, increased funds for PSDP would mean enhancing public sector investment to generate employment thus raising overall growth. Employer-led Skill Development Councils developed by Ministry of Labor Manpower and Overseas Pakistanis, has been established in all provinces to identify needs of geographical area, prioritize them on market demand and to facilitate the training of workers through training providers in public and private sectors. These councils have met the diversified training needs of the industrial and commercial sectors and have trained 46, 674 persons so far. Technical and vocational training enhances the employability of the work force. There are 315 training institutes under NTB across Pakistan, which also includes all TEVTA institutions in Punjab. They offer vocational courses in 80 trades and the net output capacity of these institutions is 150,000 per year. At present the training capacity of 28,050 trainees is available under the Technical Education and Vocational Training Authority (TEVTA) Punjab and the other Provincial Directorates of Manpower and Training. Besides 8807 apprentices are being trained under the Apprenticeship Training Program in the country. A Ten Year Perceptive Development Plan for the period 2001-11 is under implementation and accelerating GDP growth and reducing unemployment are among its major goals. This plan envisages creating 11. 3 million new job opportunities through investment of Rs. 11287 billion during the Plan period. As a result of developmental efforts of the government, GDP growth rate has started picking up. It was 5. 1 percent in 2002-03, increased to 604 percent in 2003-04 and is around 7 percent in 2004-05. On the other hand, the population growth rate, which was 1. 99 percent in 2003-04, has declined to 1. 9 percent in 2004-05. Both the parameters have helped to make dent in the unemployment situation as result of which the unemployment rate has declined from 8. 3 percent in 2001-02 to 7. 7 percent in 2003-04. Small and Medium Enterprises (SME) represents a signifying component of Pakistan’s economy in terms of value. They are highly labor intensive and provide employment to the bulk of the non-agricultural labor force. The growth of SMEs has mainly been hampered by the non-availability of credit in the past. Realizing this constraint the government has opened two specialized non-credit banks namely, the SME Bank and Khushali Bank. The Small and Medium Enterprises Development Authority (SMEDA) is also actively developing program for managerial skill development and technical and informative support to the SMEs. The SME Bank was established on January, 1, 2002 with the primary objective of providing financial assistance and business support to small and medium enterprises. A large number of SMEs are being financed under its program lending scheme namely â€Å"Hunarmand Pakistan Scheme† in such businesses as fan manufacturing, cutlery, manufacturing, surgical instruments, doctors and dentists clinic, women entrepreneurs, CNG stations, auto looms, auto parts manufacturing, furniture manufacturing, motorcycle rickshaws etc. Up to 31st January 2005 the SME Bank financed 4522 SMEs and disbursed loans amounting to Rs. 3031. 57 million and has been successful in creating 9044 employment opportunities in the country. Realizing the importance of microfinance in improving the lives of the poor people, the government has established Khushhali Bank in 2000 – a microfinance institution – under a public-private partnership program. It has also encouraged private sector to setup microfinance banks in Pakistan. So far three microfinance banks have become operational during 2001-04. Two applications for setting up microfinance banks in private sector are under process for licensing. The outreach of these four institutions has increased to half a million households in just 4-5 years. In the next five years the outreach will increase to three million households. The Khushhali Bank alone has so far disbursed Rs. 4. 5 billion and nearly 33 percent of its clients are women. The services of these institutions will be the most effective instruments in improving the lives of the poor people in both urban and rural areas. The housing and construction sector provide substantial additional employment opportunities as it contributes through a higher multiplier effect with a host of beneficial forward and backward linkages in the economy. The sector, through linkages effect with about 40 building material industries, supports investment and growth climate and help reduce poverty by generating income opportunities for poor households. During the last two years, the government has taken various budgetary and non-budgetary measures, which are now yielding positive results. Construction activity in Pakistan is booming; demand for construction-related materials has surged. Many national and international real estate developers have launched or launching large construction projects in Pakistan, which has further accelerated construction activity in the country. Pakistan Poverty Alleviating Fund (PPAF) was set up in April 2000 with an endowment of $ 100 million, as a wholesale lender to NGOs engaged in providing micro financing. PPAF, as of 31st Dec 2004, is present in 94 districts across Pakistan, it has 52 partner organizations. So far it has made disbursements of Rs. 8. 2 billion and it has around 7 million beneficiaries. The government has so far spent one thousand billion rupees on pro-poor sectors in the last five years. Economic growth is the engine of employment generation and poverty alleviation. In order to sustain this spectacular pace of growth and maintain healthy and vigorous macroeconomic indicators would require a prolonged period of macroeconomic stability, financial discipline, and consistent and transparent policies. These, along with improved governance and better quality infrastructure would encourage private sector to play a leading role in promoting investment and growth. The government on its part must identify and promote sectors, which are considered not only to be the major drivers of growth but also have the greatest potential of creating more employment opportunities. Since it took almost a decade for unemployment and poverty to reach at this level, it would be unreasonable to expect that both unemployment and poverty will decline in the short-run. But this does not mean that it is an unattainable objective. REFERENCES: Ghayur,S (1996) Labour Market Issues in Pakistan: Unemployment, working Condition, and Child Labour, the Pakistan Development Review, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Vol. 35 (4), pages 789-803. Hyder, A (2007) â€Å"Preference for Public Sector –Jobs and Wait Unemployment†, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, (Working Paper No20). K. Rukhsana (2003), Population and Unemployment: A Dilemma to Resolve,† The Icfai University Journal of Applied Economics â€Å"Vol: 3 August, pp. 7-15. Kakawani, N. , and H. Son. Hyun (2006), A Note on Measuring Unemploymentâ€Å"International Poverty center, United Nation Develop Program†. September2006 (Working Paper No 28). Marvin D. Krohn (1999), Inequality, Unemployment and Crime: A Cross-National Analysis, The Sociological Quarterly, Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 303-313. Federal Bureau of Statistics (2001-02), Labour Force Survey 2001-02, Government of Pakistan, Statistics Division. Federal Bureau of Statistics (2003-04), Labour Force Survey 2003-04, Government of Pakistan, Statistics Division. Federal Bureau of Statistics (2005-06), Labour Force Survey 2005-06, Government of Pakistan, Statistics Division. Federal Bureau of Statistics (2006-07), Labour Force Survey 2006-07, Government of Pakistan, Statistics Division. Papua†What is unemployment†. Online posting 18 November 2007. Reader Responses, Wise Geek Journal http://www. wisegeek. com/what-is-unemployment. htm 2. Jobs in Pakistan, Jobs in Middle East† Berozgar job article section Friday, June 13th, 2008 at 11:44 am, December 22, 2008 http://bayrozgar. com/blog/2008/06/13/pakistan-unemployment-causes-and-solutions/ 3. †Pakistan unemployment rate†CIA world factbook 16 May 2008, December 22,2008 http://indexmundi. com/pakistan/unemployment_rate. html ANNEXURE Table-1 Table-2 Table-3 Table-4 Civilian Labour Force Employed and Unemployed: Pakistan and Provinces Table-1 Table-2 Table -3 Table-4 Distribution of Population: Education and Sex Table-1 Table-2 Table-3 Table-4 Unemployment Rates by Area and Sex Table-1 Table-2 Table-3