Economic reports Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Economic reports - Essay Example According to Kroenig (2015), while exploring the subject, argues that in 2021, China will have overtaken the United States as the world’s largest economy. What is more intriguing is the proposition that the military power which is another important factor when it comes to the issue world supremacy, will follow the economic heft. China will therefore be the strongest country both in terms of military and economy. China boasts having the most spoken language on earth. This has been used to create cohesion and encourage economic growth. However, the author uses a different approach to address the subject by focusing on the domestic political institutions. According to Machiavelli, cities expand when everyone stops focusing on the particular good of the activities that are being undertaken. Therefore, the notion that the governments that have representative forms of rule are the ones that can steer fast growth is misguided. The idea of Machiavelli can only be achieved in republic s such as China. The idea of China’s rapid economic growth has also been boosted by the view of social scientists who claim that autocracies do not experience smooth economic runs compared to democracies. On top of that, democracies are in a position to access international capital markets and also form strong and reliable alliances that are key in boosting the economy. Therefore basing the argument on that, it is true to say that China has had a smooth economic growth and considering that other super powers seem to have exploited all their efforts and stagnated, it could be the next super power. Democracies are also known to enjoy a built in advantage when it comes to the struggle for global mastery. On a head to head analysis between China and the already stable economies such as the UK and US, one can note that at the time when the latter enjoyed a smooth economic growth, they were experiencing or were having great democracies. A

Special Education Needs Essay Example for Free

Special Education Needs Essay Ronald Gulliford and Graham Upton say that special educational needs (SEN) came in use as a result of dissatisfaction: The term special educational needs began to come into use in the late 1960s as a result of increasing dissatisfaction with the terminology used in the Handicapped Pupils and School Health Service Regulations (1945), which classified handicapped children into ten categories according to their main handicap. (Gulliford and Upton, 1992). The definition of SEN in the Education Act 1996 is: ‘a child has special educational needs. if he has a learning difficulty which a medical condition does not necessarily imply a ‘difficulty in learning’ or a ‘disability’ and therefore may not constitute a learning difficulty requiring special educational provision’. Tomko (1996) defined inclusion in education as ‘ the act of attending regular education classes, with the supports and services needed to successfully achieve the individual’s IEP goals, while actively participating in activities as a member of the class who belongs’. The writer believes inclusion is a desired state to be achieved, that may or may not occur by simple placement alone. It is an ongoing process. I believe that unless a child has sense of identity with the class, and unless he or she has the supports and services needed and is reaching his or her IEP goals then inclusion has not been achieved. 2. 0 AREA CHOSEN The writer is currently working at School X, a school in Malaysia and she finds that an element of provision that possesses a barrier to the learning and participation of some students in the school is teaching assistant. The barrier that is faced by School X in connection with teaching assistant to support SEN students is teaching assistant in School X do not clearly understand their roles and responsibilities. Thus, will they to be able to play their roles and responsibilities towards SEN students? Besides that, teaching assistant in school X do not have the necessary knowledge and skills in identifying and handling with Special Educational Needs students. Thus, will the teaching assistant(TA) be able to handle emergency cases involving SEN students or will the TA cause a worse situation which may lead to the SEN student being injured or harmed. The writer chose teaching assistant as an element of provision that possesses a barrier to support SEN and Inclusive education in her school because she personally feels that teaching assistant plays a vital role in dealing with students with SEND. Groom, B. and R. Rose supports the researcher’s statement that a teacher assistant (TA) plays an important role in supporting pupils with SEN: The role of the TA has undergone something of a transformation from the time when classroom assistants were seen as ‘an extra pair of hands’ in the classroom to the present day where they are perceived to have a more professional role. (Groom, B. and R. Rose, 2005) 3. 0 RESEARCH The writer carried out a few informal interviews with the school staff and among the barriers listed to support SEN students in school X, she finds the barrier of a teacher assistant an interesting aspect to research on. The writer was a teacher assistant in school X for a year and she is keen to know how as a teacher assistant she could have assisted SEN students. Based on the writer’s observation and interview with the school staff, the writer found out that in school X there is no full-time teacher assistant in all reception and primary grades. A school with SEN students requires at least one assistant teacher in all the reception and primary classrooms. The writer personally feels that it is essential for all the reception and primary level classrooms to have a full – time teacher assistant because it may affect a SEN student if there is a frequent change in the teacher assistant of a classroom. A SEN student may need to adapt to a new TA each time there is a change in the TA of the classroom and this may affect a SEN Child’s learning behaviour and attitude in classroom. Thus, the writer strongly believes that in order to support SEN students, a full time teacher assistant is important. The teachingexpertise (no date) claims that teacher assistant ‘are often required to work with learners who have special educational needs, either individually or in small groups, and are used to help interpret the class material and ensure students stay focused during teaching sessions’ (teachingexpertise, no date). Thus, if there are no full-time TA in school X, then how is it possible for SEN students to have one to one assistants. Besides that, based on a few informal interviews with teacher assistant in school X, the researcher identified that teacher assistant in school X does not clearly understand their roles and responsibilities towards SEN students. Thus, how are the TA in school X able to support SEN students when they are not briefed and explained on their duties and responsibilities? TA in school X also does not know how to identify and assess students with SEN, including gifted, talented and slow learners. The writer questioned a few TA whether if there were able to exactly proof and identify a SEN student with no assumptions and the writer received a negative response for her question. TA’s in school X do not have the necessary knowledge and skills in handling with Special Educational Needs and Disability student. The TA’s in the school are neither receiving any special educational needs training so that they can augment the classroom teacher in inclusive education. In addition, TA’s are not provided with institutional support to become more effective in practising inclusive education. According to Adults Supporting Pupils with SEN, teacher assistant will have some typical duties: †¢ Maintaining an up to date file on individual pupil(s) †¢ In high schools, ensuring that individual education plans (IEP’s) are circulated/brought to the attention of subject/form tutors †¢ Contributing to group/individual education plans from knowledge of the child’s/young person’s progress †¢ Helping to gain the child’s/young person’s view of the IEP †¢ Collating relevant information from any other assistants who work with that pupil †¢ Contributing to the Annual Review process. †¢ Attending the Annual Review meeting †¢ Involvement in target setting for the pupil in line with the aims of the IEP. (Adults Supporting Pupils with SEN, 2004) TA’s in school X are not provided with any policy on their duties and responsibilities in supporting SEN students. Thus after much research, the writer feels that school X should have a policy on TA’s role in Supporting SEN and Disability. 4. 0 CONCLUSION School X provides the teacher trainees with continuous professional developments (CPD’s) training once a week. The topic discussed during CPD’s are usually on how to make a more effective IB environment classroom, teaching strategies and approaches and International Baccalaureate (IB) related topics. According to teaching expertise, ‘CPD is strategically focused and integrated with performance management and school improvement, to raise standards of teaching and learning’. Thus, it would be better if SEN and Inclusion is discussed during CPD’s, so that teacher assistant can become more effective in practising inclusive education. Besides that, TA’s should be equipped with the knowledge and skills in handling with Special Educational Needs and Disability students. A TA should be provided with sufficient guidance on how to identify students with SEND, including gifted, talented and slow learners. School X should take full responsibility of providing TA’s employed with sufficient knowledge on SEN and Inclusion before placing them in a classroom. School X should also employ full time teacher assistant not only for the creche and reception but also for the primary grades in order to support SEN students. The writer believes that if School X was to look into the aspect of teacher assistant and provides the entire teacher assistant with the training on SEN and Inclusion, TA would not be a barrier to the learning and participant of SEN students in the school. PART 2 TITLE Part 2 – Critical Reflection A critical reflection on the barrier(s) to learning and provision identified in Part 1. This should explore the strengths and weaknesses of a particular aspect of provision and an analysis of its implications for practice both at institutional and individual levels. This will be informed by literature (research, legislation, policy documentation) and your own evidence. 1. 0 INTRODUCTION The Special Educational Needs Code of Practice (2001) published by the Department for Education states that ‘children have special educational needs if they have a learning difficulty which calls for special educational needs provision to be made for them’. The writer strongly supports the statement as she personally feels a child should not be labeled as a Special Educational Need (SEN) student if he or she does not have a learning difficulty which a SEN term needs to be named for them. Teacher assistants (TA) are supporters of a class teacher or homeroom teacher who ‘works under a teacher’s supervision to give students additional attention and instruction’ (BLS, 2012). A TA plays several roles in an institution: †¢ Provide extra assistance to students with special needs, such as non-English-speaking students or those with physical and mental disabilities. †¢ Supervise students in classrooms, halls, cafeterias, school yards, and gymnasiums, or on field trips. †¢ Tutor and assist children individually or in small groups to help them master assignments and to reinforce learning concepts presented by teachers. †¢ Enforce administration policies and rules governing students. †¢ Discuss assigned duties with classroom teachers to coordinate instructional efforts. †¢ Instruct and monitor students in the use and care of equipment and materials to prevent injuries and damage. †¢ Observe students performance, and record relevant data to assess progress. †¢ Present subject matter to students under the direction and guidance of teachers, using lectures, discussions, or supervised role-playing methods. †¢ Prepare lesson materials, bulletin board displays, exhibits, equipment, and demonstrations. †¢ Organize and supervise games and other recreational activities to promote physical, mental, and social development (BLS, 2012) The writer agrees to the tasks of a teacher assistant as stated in (BLS, 2012), teacher assistant should be able to provide support and help to a student who is categorized as SEN. Thus, a school with SEN students will need teacher assistant in order to support the classroom teacher and the student. The writer is currently teaching Visual Arts for Grade 1 students and on her free periods she assists and observes Reception students at School X, a school in Malaysia. Based on the writer’s observation throughout her experience working in School X, she finds teaching assistant as an element of provision that possesses a barrier to the learning and participation of some students Teaching assistant is a barrier in school X because there are lack of teaching assistant to support SEN students. Teaching assistant who are present in school does not clearly understand the roles and responsibilities that they play for the school, teachers and students. Thus, teaching assistant in school X is unable to play their roles towards SEN students. In addition, teaching assistant in school X does not have the necessary skills and knowledge in identifying and handling SEN students. Thus, how are they going to be able to identify or classify a student as SEN student, gifted or talented student? A wrong assumption on a student can lead to a great impact on his education. The writer chose teaching assistant as the barrier lacking in school X to support SEN students because she is very much keen to know how she as a teaching assistant can support and assist SEN students. 2. 0 STRENGTHS OF HAVING TEACHER ASSISTANT IN SUPPORTING SEN LEARNERS The writer was a TA in school X for more than a year and based on her observation her beliefs that there are several strengths in having a teaching assistant to support SEN learners. First of all, a TA would be a great aid in one to one guidance for SEN learners. A homeroom teacher will not be able to handle a classroom with SEN students all alone without support from additional staff. A TA plays the role to help the homeroom teacher in handling a group of students in the classroom while the homeroom teacher will handle the rest of the students. SEN learners seek for a person whom they are comfortable with or could rely on to request or say a thing. A teacher will not remain in classroom for the whole schooling hours. An average of three to five teachers would enter a classroom per day. Thus, A TA will be the person that a SEN student would look forward for any help or assistance as a TA usually will spend more schooling hours with students compared to any teachers. Besides that, a teacher needs to have a detail observation of the steps or moves taken by a SEN student as every of their movement is meaningful. It is impossible for a teacher to observe and record all the SEN learners’ progress by themselves. Thus, A TA will be needed to support the teacher and also observe students. A TA observation will provide a teacher with additional feedback on a SEN student progress. It would seem to follow from reports of teachers that assigning support staff to particular pupils, usually those with problems of learning, behaviour or attention, would give the pupils more individual attention and help them develop confidence and motivation in their work, good working habits and the willingness to finish off tasks (Blatchford et al., 2009a). It is a sensible solution to have a teacher assistant in supporting SEN learners as the teacher can then attend to the rest of the class without interruption. This is a productive arrangement for teachers and seems also to be having a positive effect in terms of pupil engagement, classroom control, and measures of confidence, motivation, independence, and good relationships with other pupils (Blatchford et al. , 2009a). 3. 0 WEAKNESSES OF HAVING TEACHER ASSISTANT IN SUPPORTING SEN LEARNERS The writer belief’s that having a TA in the classroom does have its weaknesses too. The writer’s belief is supported by TeachingTimes (No Date) where it states that a new report from the Institute of Education proofed those students from primary and secondary level whom receives supports from teaching assistant, show less progress than a student of the similar ability. Finn, Gerber, Farber, and Achilles (2000), on the basis of data from the often –cited Tennessee STAR project, found that there was no compensatory effect of having extra staff in larger (‘regular’) classes, a result similar to that of Reynolds and Muijs (2003). Klassen (2001) found that students with SEN who were assigned additional support for literacy made less progress than their unsupported peers. Giangreco et al. , in a series of publications, have argued that overreliance on one-to-one paraprofessional supports leads to a wide range of detrimental effects on pupils (e. g. , Giangreco et al. , 2005) Schlapp et al. (2003) identify the benefits of classroom assistants more in terms of the range of learning experiences provided and effects on pupil motivation, confidence and self esteem, and found less effect on pupil progress. On the other hand there is a well established concern that TAs can encourage dependency, e. g. , because they prioritise outcomes of activities rather than encouraging pupils to think for themselves (Moyles and Sushitsky, 1997). There are also concerns that support staff can have negative effects on pupils’ learning identity, e. g. , in terms of interference with ownership and responsibility, separation from classmates (Giangreco et al. , 1997).  ofsted (2004) suggest that TAs may be less likely to stress understanding and skills and ‘This was common reason why a significant number of pupils with SEN made too little progress, despite good teaching to the majority of the class (2004, p16). 4. 0 IMPLICATION OF HAVING TEACHING ASSISTANT AT INSTITUTIONAL LEVEL A TA does not only guide and assist SEN students in classroom or a teacher in reducing her workload, a TA also needs to play his or her roles and responsibilities towards the school. There are many tasks that a TA can play in an institute in order to aid the school staffs and support the development of the school. On the other hand, the school should also clearly understand the roles and responsibilities that a TA can play in the school and not overload them with additional task where it results in a TA being unable to accomplish his or her task as a teaching assistant in the classroom. One of the tasks that a TA can do at institutional level is to help the school staffs in decorating and creating an environment in connection to an upcoming event or festival. The writer as a TA has supported the school by decorating the school for festival such as Chinese New Year and Deepavali. The writer has also decorated the school for an environment of Celebration of Learning (COL). COL in school X means a celebration where its students oriented as parents are invited to view and observe students work and progress. The writer has decorated the school for exhibition purposes too where parents and invited guest are welcomed to the school. Besides that, the writer as a TA has helped the school in making events a successful one. The writer has come to school after working hours for special occasions in order to ensure the task allocated to her is completed. Duties which she has done as a school staff in school X are gate duty and ushering parents to specified allocations on Parent’s Day. 5. 0 IMPLICATION OF HAVING TEACHING ASSISTANT AT INDIVIDUAL LEVEL The impact of having a teacher assistant at individual level is countless. There are good and bad of having a teacher assistant to support SEN learners. The good impact of having a teacher assistant at individual level is a SEN learner will be able to receive one to one attention and guidance from teaching assistant. Thus, an individual will be able to progress at a faster rate and catch up to the pace of rest of the students in the classroom in a shorter period. The writer was assisting for a year in Grade 1 and based on her personal observation and some research, she and her homeroom teacher identified a SEN learner in the classroom. They did not label the child or exclude the child from participating in several activities conducted in the classroom as they did not want to classify the child into any terms. The writer and the homeroom teacher believed that if they were to provide the child with additional guidance and support, they child would surely show progress and improvement. Additional guidance and support was provided by the writer as the homeroom teacher handled the rest of the students. The writer assisted the student by breaking down task given by the teachers into smaller instruction and instructing the child using a simple terms including more of body language for the student to understand the instruction. The writer and the homeroom teacher succeeded in their hard work of making the student to progress as towards the end of the term, the child showed improvement in communication skills and writing skills. On the other hand, a teaching assistant can be harmful to a SEN learner if there are not filled with the essential knowledge and skills in identifying, assisting and guiding a SEN learner. Thus, to place a teaching assistant with insufficient knowledge on SEN would affect the academic progress and development of a SEN learner. 6. 0 CONCLUSION. In a nutshell, teaching assistant has many roles and responsibilities to be played not only at individual level but also at institutional level. A teaching assistant should clearly understand their roles and responsibilities before playing their roles as a misunderstanding in their task would create a great impact to the school and also students. The writer feels that in supporting and assisting SEN learners, a teaching assistant’s main aim is to assist the SEN learner with the objective and aim of showing and proving a progressive development of a SEN learner and not focusing on the completion of task. The writer as an individual who has experienced being a teaching assistant personally and strongly beliefs that a TA should not be misused and given additional task which results in TA being unable to fully do his or her roles and responsibilities towards the students. A TA’s main focus should be towards assisting students and not school work. The writer beliefs that if a TA is provided with all the necessary knowledge and skills n identifying SEN learners, a TA would be a great help in supporting, assisting and guiding SEN students towards the right path. BIBILIOGRAPHY A ND REFERENCING. Adults Supporting Pupils with SEN, (2004) The role of the Assistant, Available at: http://www. wakefield. gov. uk/NR/rdonlyres/D391ED9E-2BE4-4CC5-829F-953C07157DFB/0/Adults_Supporting, (accessed: 03/10/2012) Blatchford, P. , Bassett, P. , Brown, P. , et al. (2009a) The impact of support staff in schools, Deployment and Impact of Support Staff (DISS) Project. (Strand 2 Wave 2), DCSF Research Report 148 (London, Department for Children, Schools and Families), Available at: http://www. ioe. ac. uk/DISS_Strand_2_Wave_2_Report. pdf, (accessed: 29/10/12) Bureau of Labor Statistics, U. S. Department of Labor, (2012) Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2012-13 Edition, Teacher Assistants, Available at: http://www. bls. gov/ooh/education-training-and-library/teacher-assistants. htm, (accessed: 29/10/12) Department for Education and Skills, (2001) Special Educational Needs: Code of Practice, DfES0581, London: DfES Publications, Available at: https://www. education. gov. uk/publications/standard/publicationDetail/Page1/DfES%200581%202001#downloadableparts, (accessed 29/10/12) Education Act 1996, Chapter 56, (1996) London: HMSO, Available at: http://planipolis. iiep. unesco. org/upload/Malaysia/Malaysia_Education_Act_1996. pdf, (accessed: 03/10/2012) Finn,J. D. , Gerber, S. B. , Farber, S. L. Achilles, C. M. (2000) Teacher aides: an alternative to small classes? in: M. C. Wang J. D. Finn (Eds) How small classes help teachers do their best (Philadelphia, PA, Temple University Center for Research in Human Development), Available at:: http://psycnet. apa. org/journals/edu/97/3/454/, (accessed: 30/10/2012) Giangreco, M. F. , Edelman, S. , Luiselli, T. E. MacFarland, S. Z. C. (1997) Helping or hovering? Effects of instructional assistant proximity on students with disabilities, Exceptional Children, 64, pp. 7-18, Available at: maureenmcquiggan. com/files/Helping_or_Hovering. pdf, (accessed: 30/10/2012) Giangreco, M. F. , Yuan, S. , Mackenzie, B. , Cameron, B. Fialka, J. (2005) ‘Be careful want you wish for ’ Five reasons to be concerned about the assignment of individual paraprofessionals, Exceptional Children, 37(5), pp 28-34, Available at: http://www. uvm. edu/~cdci/parasupport/reviews/giangreco37-5. pdf, (accessed: 30/10/2012) Groom, B. and R. Rose, (2005), ‘Supporting the inclusion of pupils with social, emotional and behavioural difficulties in the primary school: the role of teaching assistants’, in Journal of Research in Special Educational Needs, 5, (1) pp. 20–30, Available at: http://onlinelibrary. wiley. com/doi/10. 1111/j. 1471-3802. 2005. 00035. x/full, (accessed: 03/10/2012) Gulliford, R. G. Upton, (ed. ) (1992) Special Educational Needs, London: Routledge, Available at: http://books. google. com. my/books? id=InjfpvVYbSECpg=PA218lpg=PP1ots=OrRgxw8lBddq=special+educational+needs, (accessed: 03/10/2012) Klassen, R. (2001). After the statement: Reading progress made by secondary students with specific literacy difficulty provision, Educational Psychology in Practice, 17(2), pp121 – 133, Available at: http://www. schoolsupportstaff. net/publications/otherpubs/aera_paper. pdf , (accessed: 30/10/2012) Moyles, J. Suschitzky, W. (1997) The employment and deployment of classroom support staff: head teachers’ perspectives, Research in Education, 58, pp21-34, Available at: http://www. uwl. ac. uk/files/instil/SoTL%20Abstracts%202010. pdf, (accessed: 30/10/2012) Office for Standards in Education (2004) Remodelling the school workforce: Phase 1 (London, Office for Standards in Education), Available at: www. ofsted. gov. uk/resources/remodelling-school-workforce-phase-, (accessed: 30/10/2012) Reynolds, D. Muijs, D. (2003) The Effectiveness of the use of learning support assistants in improving the mathematics achievement of low achieving pupils in primary school, Educational Research, 45(3), pp219-230, Available at:: http://www. fisme. science. uu. nl/staff/christianb/downloads/p1-11759185. pdf, (accessed: 30/10/2012) Schlapp, U. , Davidson, J. Wilson, V. (2003) An ‘extra pair of hands’?! managing classroom assistants in Scottish primary schools, Educational Management and Administration, 31(2), pp189-205, Available at: www. edupa. uva. es/schemesofwork/research/themes/teaching_assistants/WedFeb181416312004/wordfile. doc, (accessed: 30/10/2012) Teachingexpertise, (no date) An introduction to CPD, Available at: http://www. teachingexpertise. com/articles/cpd-teaching-profession_252, (accessed: 03/10/2012) Teachingexpertise, (no date) Meeting the needs of SEN students, Available at: http://www. teachingexpertise. com/articles/meeting-the-needs-of-sen-students-1907, (accessed: 03/10/2012) TeachingTimes, (no date) Pupils Using Teaching Assistants Make Less Progress, Available at: http://www. teachingtimes. com/articles/teaching-assistants-less-progress. htm,

The Phoenician Empire :: World History

The Phoenician Empire The Mediterranean Sea has spawned many civilizations through history. The Phoenicians, which originated around 1200 BCE, is one example. Despite the rather small size of this civilization, its impact on our world has been considerable. Being a seafaring nation, the Phoenicians established colonies all over the Mediterranean area, including the present-day cities of Carthage and Tripoli. As notable traders, they shared cultures with many nations, which allowed their invention of the alphabet to spread throughout Eurasia. The Phoenician Empire continued to evolve until its eventual incorporation into the Persian and Macedonian Empires, around 400 BCE. Phoenicia is an ancient region lying on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea. The Empire peaked at around 1000 BCE, and developed until around 700 BCE. Phoenicia, now known as Lebanon, Syria, and Israel, was naturally isolated from other civilizations by the Lebanon Mountains in the east, and the great sea on the west. The small region stretched about 320 kilometers long and about 25 kilometers wide. This geographical isolation gave the Phoenicians enough protection to evolve into a strong nation, while giving it the freedom to trade and explore across the Mediterranean. Although little is known about the ancient civilization, it is known that the government was, at least in part, a monarchy. Royalty was considered a matter of divine descent, so kings could not be chosen outside of the royal family. The merchant families also held much power in Phoenicia, due to their great influence in public affairs. Although the name Phoenicia implies that the civilization was a unified state, the nation consisted of separate city-kingdoms. Each Phoenician City was considered independent from one another, and was ruled by its own king. Phoenicians were known as the most distinguished seafaring traders and merchants of the ancient world. In fact, they called themselves Kena'ani (or Canaanites), which is Hebrew for "Merchant". They established trading colonies all over the Mediterranean Sea, including Carthage, Simyra, Zarephath, Byblos, and Tyre (Sur). Maritime trading also reached into the Atlantic Ocean to England. Some of the goods traded included glass, color dyes, metals, horses, ebony and ivory, linen, coral, honey, spices, oil and precious stones. Maritime trading would not be possible for the Phoenicians without developed nautical technology. Phoenicians were known for having extremely advanced ships and navigation. Ships were built with a keeled hull, which allowed them to travel on the open seas.

Stereotyping and Its Effects

Stereotyping, brought on by the existence of a class system, has many positive effects in John Steinbeck†s Grapes of Wrath. This class system, made up of migrants and affluent people, is present due to the fact that many of the affluent people stereotype the migrants as poor, uneducated, and easily agitated human beings. Thus, this sets a boundary between the educated individuals and migrants. At first, most migrants ignore the effects stereotyping has on them. But towards the end of their journeys to California, the migrants† rage that had been gradually building up inside lets out and the migrants take action. The effects are more positive as the migrants strive for an education, receive sympathy, and calmly deal with conflicts. Farm owners, successful businessmen, and generally all inhabitants of the Mid-West have a sense that all migrants are dumb, uneducated people in 1939. They lower wages for fruit-picking at farms which were the only jobs offered to the migrants because of their proposed lack of intelligence. But migrants do not necessarily choose not to educate themselves. Ma Joad announces to her family that she will send her two youngest children to school once they are settled. Connie, Rose of Sharon†s husband, also plans out his goals with Rose of Sharon saying, â€Å"An† he†s [Connie] gonna study at home, maybe radio, so he can git to be an expert . . . † The migrants have their mind already set on education and chose not to be ignorant all of their lives. Often in Grapes of Wrath, the affluent people stereotype the migrants as poor and penniless. As the Joads pull into the gas station, the attendant immediately asks, â€Å"Got any money?† He views the Joads as one of many poor, migrant families arriving to beg for some gas. But not all people who view migrants as poverty-stricken, hungry people see them in such a way. Mae, a waitress at one of the restaurants pities a family asking for bread and shows her compassion by letting the children have candy for much less than its worth. Instead of the anticipated let-down, the migrants receive pity from those with compassion and sympathy. Not only do affluent individuals see the migrants as uneducated and penniless, but also as easily agitated human beings. Because farm workers are afraid that these migrants may someday take over their farms, they try to make the migrants† stay more unwelcoming. â€Å"Now if there was a big fight and maybe shooting-a bunch of deputies could go in and clean out the camp,† one of the owners says to Tom and the Wallaces. Farm owners even plan to start a fight, thinking that no migrant can pass up a fight. But the migrants deal with the problem in a calm manner with no fight ever beginning. Cops swarm all over to provoke migrants so that many can be arrested and pulled off the streets. But the migrants resolve their problems so that new problems do not start. To farm owners, provoking migrants is a way to keep more migrants from stealing their land and resources but ends unsuccessfully. Stereotyping, brought on by the existence of a class system, has many positive effects in Grapes of Wrath. The migrants do intend to acquire an education, receive sympathy from the compassionate, and react intelligently to tempting situations. Steinbeck portrays society in its truest form. Even with the negative influence of the affluent people, the migrants receive just as many positive results as there are negative under such harsh circumstances.

Grenz Review

TY 170 February 23, 2009 Grenz Review As time passes, different themes are presented throughout society. These themes tend to make attempts at disproving its predecessor. In Stanley J. Grenz’ book, A Primer on Postmodernism, he discusses the two most recent ideas supported by the public; modernism and postmodernism. The opposition is apparent between the eras of modernity and postmodernity. As described by Grenz, modernity focuses on the individual, using reasoning as a source of the truth. This belief causes truth to be relative.Postmodernity’s focal point is the group, rather than the individual. Truth, in the postmodern view, is created by intuition and feeling, causing it to be constructed. Grenz also discusses both the problems postmodernity pose on Christianity and the similarities between postmodernism and Christianity. Grenz’ portrait of postmodernism is accurate for what society is facing today. In order to understand the differences between modernism an d postmodernism as Grenz has defined them, first understanding of how each was created is needed.Modernity is based around meta-narratives; stories that connect everyone together. The most profound meta-narrative of modernity is the universal truth of science. One of the most important constructs of modernity is individualism, upon which all modern thinkers based their work. â€Å"Most historians suggest that the modern era was born when the Enlightenment brought new hope to war-ravaged Europe† (57). The Enlightenment had four principles; â€Å"Reason, nature, autonomy, and harmony† (68). These principles created the foundation for modern thinkers.Many modern thinkers throughout the era, regardless of their discipline, â€Å"Turned to the reasoning subject rather than divine revelation as the starting point for knowledge and reflection† (65). Through these foundations set for modernity, the modern philosophers turned to science in support for their hypotheses. à ¢â‚¬Å"Thinkers such as Descartes, Newton, and Kant provided the intellectual foundation for the modern era† (80). Rene Descartes was one of the first modern thinkers of his time, â€Å"often being referred to as the father of modern philosophy† (63). When Descartes irst set out on his journey for knowledge, he set out with doubt, in search of absolute truth that doubt could not deny (64). Like many other thinkers of that period, he â€Å"Attempted to introduce the rigor of mathematical demonstration into all fields of knowledge,† because he believed that the truths of mathematics were more concrete than knowledge based on observation (64). Descartes eventually reached the destination of his searching; the one thing that could not be doubted was one’s own existence. His new way of thinking led to a different outlook of the human person.His work defined â€Å"The human being as thinking substance and the human person as an autonomous rational subject† (64). This new definition supported Augustine’s philosophy; â€Å"Cogito ergo sum – ‘I think, therefore I am,† (64). Although Descartes’ work did not discover subjectivity, â€Å"the chief importance of his contribution lies in his emphasis on personal experience and personal knowledge, on knowledge arising from the individual’s unique point of view† (64). His role in the Enlightenment paved the path for his modern-thinking successors.Following Descartes’ work, Newton began making his own imprint on the world, emphasizing the importance of science. His work focused on trying to explain the workings of his universe that he saw as a â€Å"Grand, orderly machine,† (67). Newton’s idea of the world as a machine provided the framework for modernity. Newton believed that by viewing the world as a machine, he would be able to know its movements because it would follow a set of distinct laws (67). His design led modern thi nkers to have a mechanistic understanding of the world, as opposed to a natural view (50).Although Newton looked at the scientific explanations of the world, his intent was to explain the existence of God. Similar to Descartes, Newton used the power of reason to enhance the meaning of theology. â€Å"The modern world turned out to be Newton’s mechanistic universe populated by Descartes’ autonomous, rational substance† (67). Through Newton’s work, other philosophers had the foundation needed to make their own impressions on the world of modernity. Eventually, philosophers began questioning the Enlightenment and modernity as a whole.Through Immanuel Kant’s work, he strengthened the ties between society and modernity, which associated himself with the beginning of the Enlightenment. Kant’s most important contribution to modernity was his publication of Critique of Pure Reason (57). His critique strengthened the support of modernity and terminat ed all questioning of it. Kant sought to create a more concrete platform for metaphysics through his writing (76). He hypothesized that the mind is systematical in organizing sensations from the external world. â€Å"According to Kant, the human person is not only a creature capable of sense experience bus also a moral being† (77).Kant believed that by living morally, one lives the way he wishes all people would live. He argued that the moral aspect of human existence is essentially rational (78). This view of existence created the realm of practical reason, which encouraged other modern philosophers to concentrate on the individual self. This attentiveness came from Kant introducing the idea that the self is â€Å"not just the focus of philosophical attention but the entire subject matter of philosophy† (79). Through this notion, Kant directed his attention to the individual imposing reality.Kant’s work provided future philosophers with the concepts needed to u nderstand and eventually deconstruct modernity. Johann Gottlieb Fichte operated off of Kant’s discoveries. He accepted Kant’s work but also â€Å"Was enabled to explode it from the inside† (87). Fichte did not want to eliminate Kant’s ideas, but instead wanted â€Å"To expose the Kantian ‘fiction’ of an objective world existing in its own right beyond the self,† (87). Through his work, Kant emphasized the idea â€Å"that the self creates and determines the objects that constitute its own external world† (87). Hence, the realm that Kant claims to know through ‘pure’ reason, Fichte claims to produce through the exercise of ‘practical’ reason† (87). His work has created a freedom that â€Å"is important because it holds the potential of liberating us from a single way of understanding the world,† (88). Fichte managed to dissolve Kant’s idea of an absolute reality through â€Å"eliminat ing the noumenal realm† (88). Although he worked against Kant in many ways, Fichte managed to uphold Kant’s concept of the absolute self (87).Fichte, along with other thinkers’, beliefs led to what is now considered to be the postmodernism era by questioning the context of modernity and its constructors. Postmodernism is the mere rejection of the ideas that modernism and the Enlightenment support. The main theory that postmodernism rejects is the construct of individualism. In its denunciation of modernism, it also rejects the modern theme of meta-narratives, except for its own. The postmodern world does not believe that all knowledge is good, nor that knowledge is objective. They view life on earth as fragile and believe that the continued existence of humankind is dependent on a new attitude of cooperation rather than conquest† (7). Postmodern beliefs have a more pessimistic view on the world, as opposed to the modern idea. Postmoderns believe that the wo rld is â€Å"historical, relational, and personal† (7). The main postmodern view is that everything is different from everything (7). â€Å"Many voices have joined the postmodern chorus. But of these, three loom as both central and paradigmatic – Michel Foucault, Jacques Derrida, and Richard Rorty.They constitute a trio of postmodern prophets† (123). Michel Foucault was persistent in the rejection of the modern worldview. He argued that â€Å"reason and rational discourse are problematic.. , because they require that we squeeze the variety of reality into the artificial homogeneity that accommodates our concepts† (127). His intentions were not to present the ideas of a better society, but to understand order. This new society that Foucault presented was called â€Å"’heterotopia,’† as opposed to the modern view of â€Å"utopia† (20).Foucault focused on the connection between knowledge and power in regards to social systems, sta ting that â€Å"every interpretation of reality is an assertion of power† (6). Foucault believed that this power was â€Å"the power of violence† (59). He used genealogy to gain a better understanding of how we arrived to the beliefs supported by society (135). â€Å"According to Foucault, the practice of genealogy informs us that history is not controlled by destiny or some regulative mechanism but is the product of haphazard conflicts† (136).He reveals himself to be the model postmodern by making the assertion that â€Å"no natural order lies behind what we invent through our use of language† (137). Foucault provided a new outlet for the newly formed notion to be interpreted by future philosophers. Subsequent to Michel Foucault, Jacques Derrida reinterpreted some ideas of postmodernism. Unlike Foucault, Derrida had different views on what was in correct about modernism. He focused on defying logocentrism: â€Å"The philosophical method that looks to th e word as the carrier of meaning† (141).He began, in a sense, where Kant left of by questioning â€Å"what foundation can we offer for our use of reason† (140). Derrida was critical of Western philosophers in saying that they view writing as a demonstration of speech. He spent his lifetime of work trying to deconstruct the idea that written language represents reality. Unlike Foucault, Derrida did not try to create new ideas for postmodernism on the basis of old ideas; he rather deconstructed or disproved the foundations of modernism. Derrida wanted to demolish the modern construct that â€Å"views philosophy as pure, disinterested inquiry† (148).Along with that, he also wanted to renounce the popular idea that there is a clear link between language and the external world, (148). â€Å"Derrida’s primary goal is to divest us of logocentrism by showing the impossibility of drawing a clear line between reality and our linguistic representations† (148). Overall, Derrida’s target for deconstruction was Western philosophy as a whole. The ideas represented by the philosophy were viewed as hopeless by Derrida. The notions that Derrida brought to the table allowed thinkers to move past the modern ways and seek refuge in postmodernism.After Derrida, came a philosopher with a new way of thinking, Richard Rorty. Unlike his predecessors, Rorty expressed his belief in a clear style. Rorty is considered to be â€Å"the central figure behind the renewed interest in the American pragmatist tradition† (151). His pragmatist outlook abandoned an Enlightenment idea; â€Å"The mind is the ‘mirror of nature’† (151). In pragmatism, the view of truth is that it is a result of human convention, thus it is constructed. Similar to Derrida, Rorty believes that language does not have the capability to represent the world accurately.He views language as a device used to satisfy one’s wants and needs. Working against modernism, he also states that â€Å"we give up the idea that the goal of science is to produce models that correspond perfectly with reality† (154). Rorty believes that science is just one way to view the world, but there are many other ways to perceive it. Through the work of Foucault, Derrida, and Rorty, a new way of thinking was born which opened the world up for questioning. Postmodernism and Christianity have a working relationship. That is, Christians support and also disagree with some postmodern concepts.When postmodernism was first presented as an idea, Christians did not know how to approach it. A concern that Christians have with the postmodern view is the rejection of meta-narratives. The concept of stories uniting a group as one is the foundation for Christianity. As Grenz states, â€Å"We simply do not share the despair over the loss of universality that leads to the radical skepticism of the emerging era† (165). In addition to the rejection of meta-narr atives, postmodernism focuses on the inability to discover an all-encompassing truth. Here lies the major dilemma Christianity has with postmodernity.Christians believe that God includes the truth about everything, but postmodern thinkers do not believe that an â€Å"all-encompassing truth† is possible to reach (163). The postmodern rejection of individualism worries Christians because they â€Å"must always keep in view the biblical themes of God’s concern for each person, the responsibility of every human before God, and the individual orientation that lies within the salvation message† (168). On the other hand, Christians support the rejection of the Enlightenment idea that â€Å"the rational, scientific method is the sole measure of truth† (166).Also, the postmodern denial that all knowledge is good and objective strengthens the ties between Christianity and postmodernism (168). Christians also support the postmodern finding that no person can be sepa rate from creation. As years pass, Christians are more accepting of postmodern concepts and are more rejecting of the modern ideas they once supported. Grenz’ view of the postmodern world is acceptable for what society faces today. The postmodern views have been mirrored throughout the public. Even in school, teachers focus more on group projects and group activities rather than the individuals.Children judge each other on the amount of time they spend with others, as opposed to the ability to spend time alone. Now, it is a must for children to always be with their friends. It is also represented in the working world. Bosses would prefer group presentations rather than individual. Most people do not like to be alone or even to be singled-out. Also, as the economy is closer to being in a recession, the postmodern idea that the world is not getting better every day is strengthened. People no longer believe â€Å"that humanity will be able to solve the world’s greatest r oblems or even that their economic situation will surpass that of their parents,† (7). Every day it seems as though the world is not capable to overcome what it has started, such as wars. It seems as though the world is no longer a â€Å"happy† place at most times. The postmodern pessimistic view is presented daily. It is awkward for others when people are optimistic about their life. Overall, people seem accepting to the postmodern views. Over the years, the world has seen different phases sweep through, and each one is eventually accepted. The most current themes are modernity and postmodernity.The modern views were set forth by Rene Descartes, Isaac Newton, and Immanuel Kant. Modernism is the idea of focusing on the individual in means of scientific explanations. Also, modern thinkers believe that all knowledge is inherently good. Johann Gottlieb Fichte is partially responsible for the beginning of questioning modernity. Once Fichte opened the doors, Michel Foucault, Jacques Derrida, and Richard Rorty put an end to the modern way of thinking. What their idea created was postmodernity. The postmodern thinker steps away from the individual, focusing more on group relations.Also, postmodernism denies that all knowledge is essentially good. This new way of thinking has made Christians question how to respond. Christians agree, but also disagree with some of the postmodern views. As a whole, the world has come to terms with postmodernism by accepting it. What is going to happen when philosophers begin to question postmodernity? How will the world be viewed once people stop accepting postmodernism? Works Cited Grenz, Stanley J. A Primer on Postmodernism. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1996.

Analysis Of Proposals For Uk Youth Provision Young People Essay Example

Analysis Of Proposals For Uk Youth Provision Young People Essay Example Analysis Of Proposals For Uk Youth Provision Young People Essay Analysis Of Proposals For Uk Youth Provision Young People Essay Critically analyse past enterprises and current authorities proposals to dramatically spread out young person proviso in order to better life opportunities of immature people There are many proposals and constabularies that authoritiess have brought in to both expand young person proviso and better life opportunities, this essay will cover those brought in by the Conservative party under Margaret Thatcher and New labor. I will be discoursing what the Conservatives and New labor did to spread out young person proviso and whether their constabularies were successful, this will include analyzing if these constabularies truly improved the life opportunities for young persons. For the conservativists under Thatcher her chief young person policy was the Youth preparation strategy and for New Labour there were many new policies brought in excessively expand young person proviso such as Connections and the Crime Disorder Act. Margaret Thatcher became the conservative leader in 1975 and was elected premier curate in 1979 and remained in power for 11 old ages. Thatcher s positions on immature people were that if immature people were unemployed so it was their mistake and the authorities was non traveling to make anything to assist. Thatcher decided that it should be single s duty and non the provinces. At the terminal of Thatcher s first term of going premier minster the sum of unemployed people in Britain rose above 3 million and many of these were young persons. ( Chapman and cook, 1988 ) One of the Key parts of turning up is experiencing portion of a society and belonging . When Thatcher was Prime curate, the spread between rich and hapless was bigger than it had of all time been. ( Townsend, 1979 in Chapman and Cook, 1988 ) Society was by and large more marginalised ; this is grouping of people who have somehow go detached and experience themselves excluded. This is a clear position that constabularie s which had been brought in under Thatcher had a detrimental consequence on those who were dependent on the authorities. ( Chapman and Cook, 1988 ) Marginalisation affects on society are good defined in this quotation mark of Townsend below. Harmonizing to Townsend ( 1986 ) , every bit good as the unemployed, many other subdivisions of society, aˆÂ ¦.not merely feel they have no portion in it. They have no portion in it. This Fosters acute defeat and deep disaffection from authorization. Peoples say their lives have become meaningless because their accomplishments have become outdated, their potencies ignored, and their worth depreciated. Townsend adds that these groups are non even 2nd category, they are more genuinely, fringy citizens . ( Chapman and cook, 1988, p43 ) Marginalisation affects households in many ways it places big sums of force per unit area on them to seek to suit in to normal society ; the grounds for this force per unit area would chiefly be financially. Young persons could happen them egos socially excluded because of marginalization for many grounds for illustration, their households non being able to afford new school uniforms which could ensue in the kid being bullied. This and other jobs formed from marginalization would greatly impact the life opportunities of the kid. The conservative authorities attempted to reform the public assistance province, one of the facets they aimed to better was to assist immature people who were unemployed aged 16 -25 as unemployment was identified as a major job in the late 1980 s. Thatcher aimed to work out the job of high unemployment among young persons by presenting a young person preparation programme in 1988, this aimed to assist young persons happen occupations and assist them acquire back on path. This young person strategy introduced chances for work experience in the work topographic point, developing enterprises and societal accomplishment edifice. ( Chapman and Cook, 1988 ) Although the Youth Opportunities Programme offered a figure of immature people relevant preparation and a lasting occupation afterwards, it was non successful in offering all immature people lasting occupations. The immature people besides had unfavorable judgment of the YTS ( Youth Training Scheme ) ( Rees and Atkinson, 1982 ; Cross et Al, 1983 ; Finn, 1984a ; Roberts and Kirby, 1985 ; Benn and Fairly, 1986 in Chapman and Cook, 1988 ) . A figure of immature people did non take up the YTS topographic points as they were unhappy with the wage, conditions and the quality of preparation as a consequence of this the bead out rates were really high. ( Wellens, 1983, in Chapman and Cook, 1988 ) The effects of the YTS appear to hold small hope of immature people traveling out of their fringy position in economic system or society. Particularly for black immature people as the opportunities were even worse. On norm, merely one in three black alumnuss were likely to happen work within three months of go forthing the Youth Training Scheme. ( Youthaid, 1986 in Chapman and Cook, 1988 ) The Youth preparation strategy did non ever warrant work afterwards for young persons. This would intend that non all young persons got equal opportunities at life under this strategy. The YTS aimed to better life opportunities and equal chances for all race s and both genders, nevertheless the strategy failed to accomplish this and racial and sexist favoritism existed. ( Fawcett Society, 1985, Cockburn, 1986 in Chapman and Cook 1988 ) Young adult females were non being introduced into non traditional work and if they were, they experienced troubles such as sexual torment besides many black young p ersons were placed in the poorer subdivisions of the YTS which made it harder for them to be offered major occupation chances. Although Thatcher clearly saw there was a job with young person unemployment the results of the YTS although it had been successful for some people this was non the instance for the bulk of young persons. The young persons that it was non successful for would more likely face hazards in ulterior life. For illustration get downing a household and populating their life independently. New labor came in to power in 1997 their Political aims for young person policy could be divided in to four ends. These ends were to hold ; Active Citizenship, to give young persons rights and duties , Lifelong Learning, which is all about the instruction , Social Exclusion about giving young persons a manus up, non a manus out Community Safety to be tough on the cause of offense . ( Williamson, 2007, Pg34 ) New Labour s chief concerns with young persons were educational underachievement, youth unemployment, adolescent gestation, young person homelessness, substance abuse, piquing behavior and household alienation. These concerns that New Labour had were the jobs that they based their young person policy docket on. ( Williamson, 2007 ) Some of the Enterprises that new labor brought in to assist run into the demands of immature people were: Connections, sexual wellness consciousness, young person justness and young person inclusion through positives activities and under the Crime and Disorder Act there are enterprises such as: Anti Social Behaviour Orders ( ASBO s ) , Curfews, Child Safety Orders and Rearing orders. ( Williamson, 2007 ) Connections were established in 2001 and they aimed to seek and better immature peoples life opportunities by supplying advice and support. ( Department for Children, schools and households, 2009 ) Connexions would supply support for immature people aged 13 to 19 old ages of age and they would seek and assist them to acquiring to where they wanted in life. They besides provide support for people with larning troubles or disabilities up to the age of 25. Connections paid a batch of their attending to immature people who are non in instruction, unemployed or socially excluded. ( Connexions Services, no day of the month ) Connections were set up to do a large alteration in the manner that support was given to immature people. The Labour Government s purpose was to better the manner that services work with immature people, they wanted bring services together and by joined up thought they would so hold a holistic position of a immature individual demands. Another purpose of the Connexions scheme was to seek and supply a ladder out of societal exclusion and seek and construct stronger communities. Tony Blair ( SEUb 1999: 6 ) suggests, The best defense mechanism against societal exclusion is holding a occupation, and the best manner to acquire a occupation is to hold a good instruction, with the right preparation and experience . The impression of societal exclusion has merely been used in the UK for merely a short period of clip, although before societal exclusion may hold existed there was non a suited name which described it best . ( Page 2000:4 ) Social exclusion is non merely a affair of people no n being able to entree indispensable goods, it is besides about the nature of societal relationships that immature people will prosecute in, for illustration losing your occupation consequences in a bead of income besides people may lose of import relationships which were fostered by the workplace. This drew attending to persons in groups such as unemployment and people missing marketable accomplishments which led immature people being pushed into a fringy position. It is this kind of believing assorted with cultural impressions of an lower class and analyses of profound structural alteration ) that informed the constitution of the Social Exclusion Unit. ( Wilson, 1996 ) The Unit describes societal exclusion as a shorthand label for what can go on when persons or countries suffer from a figure of jobs such as, unemployment, hapless accomplishments, low income, hapless lodging, high offense environments, bad wellness and household dislocation ( SEU, 1998 ) The Social exclusion unit h elps both persons and the vicinities. There has been no grounds that working with other bureaus plants. Although it sounds like a superb thought and seem comparatively easy to make, there have been many jobs with partnerships. Within Connexions there is non merely immense focal point on societal exclusion and joined up thought and individualization but there is besides a batch of attending on the undermentioned issues these are, Targets, Knowledge Economy, passages and surveillance These are all Key to what New Labour aimed to accomplish with Connections. ( Jeffs and Smith, 2001 ) Connections mark is: It will be an outcome-driven service, leting local discretion over bringing, but with clear marks to cover the multi-agency nature of its work. The chief marks will associate to engagement and attainment in instruction, preparation or work, since it is clear from the Bridging the Gap study and other research that engagement has a major impact on a immature individual s more general well-being . ( DfEE 2000 ) They will besides be working with a immature individual s concerns and involvements and will be a cosmopolitan and targeted service. As Watts ( 2001 ) pointed out some clip ago, universality was a second-order consideration ( Smith, 2005 ) which meant that things like callings counsel and transforming young person work were neglected. Hoggarth and Smith ( 2005 ) concluded to state that Connexions looks like two services than one ( Smith, 2005 ) Although Connections have this mark to be working with immature people to hold major impacts on their life s, there are serious jobs with Connexions and the manner that they come about assisting immature people, as Connexions seem to in a batch of instances help those who do non desire aid foremost and the people who need the aid come 2nd best. ( Watts 2001 ) This would impact the life opportunities for immature people as they could lose out on important things subsequently in life due to the fact that Connexions put the incorrect people foremost in the line of aid. A cardinal construct for Connexions was the authoritiess concern with the Knowledge economic system and the learning society. Connections aimed to better this by seeking to cut down offense by undertaking the first marks of societal exclusion from the streets, for illustration graffito and people kiping rough. This is what they believed would better the quality of life for immature people. When thought of practical accomplishments that immature people need, there is besides belief that bettering degrees of literacy, numeracy and the ability to utilize a computing machine will increase the potency of acquiring a high paid occupation later in life. Nowadays immature people are turning up where it is non a smooth passage from school to work life, because of the accomplishments that are required from them ; it is a batch harder to happen a occupation. Three decennaries ago immature people moved from school straight into employment with no preparation, this was merely expected from them a nd they would frequently remain with there employer until they retire. Today people move in and out of occupations and instruction throughout their lives ( Field 2000 ; Tuckett, 1997, Dfee 1997 ) Re-training has become the NORM because the accomplishments that are required from employees agencies that they are invariably holding to update their accomplishments, the same thing besides applies to immature people seeking to happen a occupation. In the current Knowledge economic system the passage between immature people populating with their parents and traveling to your ain place has become more complex ( Fitzatrick 2000 ; Furlong and Cartmel, 1997 ) grounds could include pupil debts and unemployment. Strong focal point on surveillance is besides a cardinal purpose of Connexions. Connexions scheme keeps elaborate record on single immature people, chiefly on those deemed to be at hazard of societal exclusion and other hazards such as employment, bad wellness or those that need particular monitoring. Different bureaus could utilize the information on a certain immature individual to assist them, this and working together as bureaus will assist immature people try and come out of societal exclusion and attempt and happen a occupation. Other types of surveillance is besides being used to maintain an oculus on immature people, CCTV cameras are being put up outside stores to maintain close oculus on young persons doing problem. There besides has been an enterprise to maintain immature people off from certain countries were they are being intimidating. This enterprise was called the Mosquito enterprise This is a high pitched noise that is by and large merely heard by immature people aged under the age of 25. This is to seek and halt young persons imbibing and hanging about street corners and store windows non necessary doing problem but they can be really intimidating. There seems to be a positive consequence from this as it has reduced the figure of immature people hanging outside stores. The job with the mosquito enterprise is that it targets every immature individual under the age of 25 and it is non just as non all immature people are doing problem or being intimidating. Shop keepers may free clients from this enterprise because immature people who use the store and are non doing problem are non traveling to utilize the store because they will still hear the noise. ( BBC News, 2005 ) The Crime and perturb act was introduced in 1998 to aim offense and anti societal behavior. Tony Blair told electors that Labour Government would take a zero tolerance attack to offense and he will be tough on offense . Due to this Labour Government was to fast track penalty and to make this they brought in community safety orders. These were called anti-social behavior orders ( ASBO S ) , this was to cover with threatening and riotous young persons as Jack Straw wanted to seek and assist construct safer communities and to make this he was to aim trouble makers to let people in communities to be free from torment. ( Guardian, 2009 ) These ASBO s frequently include limitations on come ining a certain country or a store but it can besides include prohibitions on peculiar Acts of the Apostless, such as cursing in public. ( BBC News, 2002 ) The Problem with ASBO s is that they are sometimes used to aim immature people, although many signifiers of anti-social behavior can be dismaying or straitening they are frequently non condemnable Acts of the Apostless, for illustration playing loud music, if a young person was to interrupt the conditions of his or her ASBO this could take to a sentence of up to five old ages in prison. This would impact their life opportunities, as if a immature individual has been in prison they would acquire a condemnable record and the immature individual will happen it really hard to acquire a occupation after prison. Another job is that since ASBO s have been brought in there has been more youths sent to prison as ASBO s have been seen as cool and have a been associated with a bad male child image and in some instances young persons have been know to show off there ASBO s and even seeking to acquire the more ASBO s than their friends which shows the policy is non assisting the job of young p erson offense and merely assisting to foster restrict life opportunities. ( Smith, 2005 ) ( Hampshire Constabulary, no day of the month ) Three of the other chief commissariats under the Crime and Disorder act are: Child Safety Orders, which Aim at cut downing the hazard of kids under 10 stealing into offense, this usually last three months and topographic point the kid under the supervising of either a societal worker or a member of a Youth Offending Team. Rearing Orders, this requires parents to take action to alter the behavior of their kids between 10 and 17, and the 3rd is a Local Child Curfew strategy, Local governments can put up these and it requires a immature individual to stay for set periods of clip at a specific topographic point, this can be given along side other community orders. This clip period can be between 2 -12 hours a twenty-four hours and the sentence can last more that six months for 16 twelvemonth olds and three months under the age of 16. ( YJB, no day of the month ) Both the ASBO s and Curfews can be seen as cleaning up the streets to acquire rid of any kind of unacceptable behavior. ( Flect er, 2005 ) Although some people may believe that Curfews are acquiring rid of immature people who are doing bad behavior, Gelsthorpe and Morris would propose that Curfews can penalise normal behavior as being suspicious , ( Jones, no date:18 ) The job with rearing orders is that it may do tenseness between the parent and immature individual and may take to more parents bespeaking the local authorization to suit their kids. ( Jones, no date:18 ) To do immature people cognizant of sexual wellness, the New Labour authorities set up a sexual wellness consciousness run this was brought in February 2007, its mark groups were immature people aged 18 -25. Their purpose was to advance safer sex and raise consciousness of sexual wellness issues such as familial infections including Chlamydia, HIV and AIDS, and to besides raise consciousness about the hazard of unplanned gestation s, and to do immature people cognizant of the types of contraceptive method available. Finally to supply advice and support associating to sexual wellness. ( Health Promotion Agency, 2007 ) Although this is a positive run the job with it is that the advertizement were on wireless Stationss, and the wireless station that they were advertised on immature people may non listen to, the wireless Stationss were Downtown wireless, Cool Fm, City round and Q102. Advertisement for sexual wellness consciousness could hold been on put on telecasting or even in postings in nines, immature people would so see this whenever they are out or at place. For life opportunities, immature people who have non been cognizant of sexual wellness may hold life endangering infections or cause sterility which could do it harder to get down a household subsequently in life, for most sexually transmitted infections they are curable and will non consequence many life opportunities, nevertheless if the authorities set up a run which is readily available to all immature people sexual familial infections may be reduced. Young people today turning up in the modern universe are facing new hazards and more chances . ( Furlong and Cartmel, 2007:8 in Wood and Hine, 2009 ) There are important differences between groups of immature people ; in peculiar there is a turning divide between immature people who stay on in instruction and addition makings, and those who leave school at the age of 16 or 17, for the 2nd group there is a serious hazard of them acquiring a low paid occupation and they could confront periods of unemployment because they are non qualified. ( Batsleer, 2008 in Wood and Hine, 2009 ) Due to the recession we are confronting in the UK today it is really difficult to happen a occupation, or if you have a occupation so many people are acquiring made redundant. In the last three months of 2008 one in four immature people age between 18 and 24 were being made redundant. ( Local Government Association, 2009 ) Jobs now want more educated and trained people. This is go forthing a batch of immature people unemployed as they have no farther instruction. Nerve pathwaies from station 16 instructions have been brought in to increase preparation chances and increase immature people s accomplishments. The authorities has recognised that in today s cognition economic system immature people are required to go to farther instruction or preparation, from this the authorities program to increase the Compulsory acquisition age to 18 ; this new Act will raise the instruction go forthing age to 17 in 2013 and to 18 from 2015. This jurisprudence is to give immature people more chances later in life. Research has shown that people who stay in instruction after the age of 16 are less likely to perpetrate offenses, suffer from sick wellness and acquire involved in anti-social behavior. This new jurisprudence does non intend that immature people have to remain in full clip instruction. Young people will be ab le to take if they want to transport on in full clip instruction for illustration school or college, or they can take an apprenticeship, or undertake parttime preparation if they are working or volunteering for more than 20 hours per hebdomad. ( Direct Gov, 2008 ) A positive enterprise that was brought in to promote immature people to transport on to farther instruction was the Education Maintenance Allowance ( EMA ) , this comes in hebdomadal episodes of either 10 lb, 20 lb or 30 lb depending on your parents household income, so non every immature individual will have this. However, immature people will merely have this if they regularly attend and work hard on their class, every bit good as this if pupils do good on their class and attend on a regular basis they will have fillips. This is non giving all immature people equal chances in life, as non all immature people receive EMA. Another job is that what immature people spend this money on, they may good pass this money prodigally and even things such as drugs, and if they were non having EMA so they may non be able to afford drugs in the first topographic point. ( DirectGov, no day of the month ) In 2008 the taking high for immature people scheme was brought in this was a 10 twelvemonth execution program for positive activities which sets to better leisure clip chances, activities and support services for immature people in England. ( National Youth Agency, 2001 ) ) This scheme was implemented to do immature people feel more comfy within their community ; immature people presents are faced with the challenge of turning up in a civilization which has a widespread negative perceptual experience of immature people. This scheme aims to make more to seek and rebalance the manner the public perceive immature people, as some immature people/children are seen as evil particularly since Jamie Bulger s slaying in 1993 and this is another ground why young person behavior are being targeted in the manner they are. Youth inclusion programmes have been brought in to seek and acquire immature people off the streets and to acquire them more involved in activities so that they will experience more welcome in their community. The Youth Justice board is committed to advancing equal chances, and eliminating favoritism, so that staff and those having young person justness services are dealt with reasonably regardless of race, gender, faith, sexual orientation, or any disablement. ( YJB, no day of the month ) The Youth justness system includes programmes such as the Youth inclusion programme ( YIP ) this was established in 2000 and is a programme for 8 17 twelvemonth olds who are at hazard of anti-social behavior. The YIP s are based in countries which are high in offense rates. This Programme gives young persons someplace safe to travel to larn new accomplishments and even take portion in activities, they will besides be aid with their instruction if they are holding any problem, and YIP will besides supply callings advice. ( YJB, no day of the month ) This is another positive programme, and seems like it would work truly good in cut downing the figure of young persons doing problem and hanging about being intimidating, nevertheless there is still high Numberss of young persons on the streets perpetrating offenses that is why things such as ASBO s and Curfew orders were brought in by the authorities, but still after these orders were brought into topographic point young person offense is still a present job. Another job amongst immature people within the UK is recreational drug usage. The UK has one of the highest degrees of recreational drug usage in Europe and among immature people is going of all time popular with an increasing tendency of immature people desiring to see drugs. ( UKDPC, 2007 ) Over the past 30 old ages it has become an progressively common characteristic of British life. Most immature people presents have either had contact with drugs or experienced them. In most instances it is cannabis, and merely a little minority do travel on to take drugs such as Heroin and Crack and so go dependent and troubled users. However the immature people that do go dependent and have serious jobs have increased enormously since the 1970 s. There are people that are more vulnerable to drug usage, and these tend to be people and in communities that besides suffer societal exclusion. Socially excluded groups such as kids in attention of local governments, wrongdoers, school hooky players an d those with parents who use drugs tend to describe higher rates of drug usage. ( Budd et al, 2005a, Goulden and Sondhi, 2001 ) More harmful forms of drug usage are typically seen in people who are unemployed or unqualified or in fiscal troubles and the homeless. ( Coulthard et al, 2002, Wadsworth et Al, 2004 ) Mental wellness can besides be a job with drug usage. Cannabis has been linked with three types of mental wellness jobs: Schizophrenia, depression and anxiousness. However, the huge bulk of Cannabis users do non travel on to be mentally ill. ( Hunt et al. 2006 ) Other Dugs such as Ecstasy has been know to do long-run mental wellness and cognitive damage, including memory loss. ( Morgan, 2000 ) Drug usage can critically impact the life opportunities of immature people as for many young persons who get involved with drugs go on to hold subsequently jobs in life such as debt due to dependence by passing more on drugs than they can afford. Many immature people today have heard about drugs at an early age and demand educated about them and there effects. If immature people become dependent on drugs it may go a serious job and it may take to them perpetrating offenses, such as stealing to fund their drug usage and even travel down the route of harlotry. ( Goldstein, 1985 ) This links with the sexual consciousness run, if immature people do non cognize about the effects of insecure sex so harlotry may take to a high figure of immature people with sexually transmitted infections. Life opportunities can be to a great extent affected by the usage of drugs and can probably go a job when seeking to happen a occupation and many employers will non use you if you have a condemnable record. In the 1980 s and Early 1990 s there was the just say no advertisement run. This was to seek and deter kids from prosecuting in recreational drug usage by offering assorted ways of stating no. Due to this run more immature people were stating no to drugs, Nancy Reagan spoke to the populace about drugs and increased their consciousness of the job. Today there is Frank, which is a similar run which gives immature people advice on drugs and effects of them. The website Frank besides has narratives on there from people who have severely experienced drugs, or household or friends who have been affected by drugs. This will assist immature people because some of the best advice comes from person who has been through it all. ( Frank, no day of the month ) The Labour Government has barely neglected the job of illegal drugs. However on the long term, bar programmes have failed to accomplish their chief purpose of cut downing drug usage. Drug usage amongst immature people has risen the most over the last decennary and today still remains really high. ( UKDPC, 2007 ) Even if the current authorities can make little to cut down overall rates of drug usage, they could do better usage of available grounds, ( as discussed above ) they could hold choose constabularies that, efficaciously cut down drug related decease, offense, physical and mental wellness jobs and other injuries to the communities the Government should be willing to set money into such a lifting job. Child Protection UK have started to convey in books called from the bosom these books educate kids on the effects of drugs and intoxicant. They besides want to get down traveling into schools to speak to immature people about this. This may be a really effectual manner of acquiring immature people to listen and understand the full impact of drugs could hold on their life s and hence their life opportunities. One of the chief ends of England s kids and young person policy were set out in Every Child Matters ( Department for Education and Skills, 2003 ) this was followed by young person affairs. ( Department for Education and Skills, 2005 ) Young person Matters declared that immature people should hold more topographic points to travel in their local country and have more chances to volunteer and to do part to their local community this included better support when they need excess aid to cover with jobs and to hold better information, advice and counsel about issues that matter to them and for this information to be given to them in a manner they would profit from. Young person affairs came up with 5 results which are: Staying safe: from Maltreatment, Neglect, Violence, Sexual Exploitation, inadvertent hurt and decease, intimidation and favoritism, offense and anti-social behavior in and out of school, have security and stableness and cared for. Bing Healthy: so that they are physically, mentally, emotionally and sexually healthy and have a healthy life style and take non to take drugs. Enjoying and Achieving: so that immature people are ready for school and attend and enjoy school, to accomplish national criterions and to accomplish personal and societal development and enjoy diversion. Making a positive part: to prosecute in determination devising, back up their community and environment, engage in jurisprudence abiding and positive behavior in and out of school, develop self assurance, successfully cover with important life alterations. Achieving Economic well- being: so that they engage in farther instruction, employment or preparation on go forthing school, are ready for employment, live in nice places aˆÂ ¦.. Live in families free from low income. ( DFES, 2005 ) The policy aims to listen to the voice of immature people and to advance battle particularly in countries of want. These aims/outcomes will seek to take t

5 Simple Tips for Successful Stock Trading by Richard Band

5 Simple Tips for Successful Stock Trading by Richard Band The writing under analysis is an article which can be referred to as a â€Å"how-to† article or a guideline. The article is written by Richard Band who gives some pieces of advice to those persons who want to become successful in stock trading.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on â€Å"5 Simple Tips for Successful Stock Trading† by Richard Band specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The article addresses a very wide audience (for example, business people, students, housewives, educators, etc.), and the writer refers to his readers as â€Å"many young investors† (Band par. 2). It is interesting to note that though the genre of the writing does not require persuasive tools, the author uses some persuasive means. The article can be discussed as the effective guidance for inexperienced stock traders because the author explains the business issue with the help of simple and clear language to respond to audience ’s needs while using ethos, pathos and logos and to address the structure of a guidance. The major issue the writer is attempting to address is the need to discuss effective tools of stock trading. Band notes that â€Å"many young investors† are trying to trade and make money (par. 2). He also stresses that some tips are â€Å"especially† necessary for people with limited funds (Band par. 4). Therefore, Band is ready to share his â€Å"30-plus years† of experience to help young investors to be successful (par. 4). The author believes his advice will help people and make them more successful stock traders. As far as the intended audience of the article is concerned, the researcher identifies his readers as â€Å"young investors† (Band par. 2). Admittedly, lots of people can be young investors. It is possible that these persons are students with the major in business or employees in many companies.Advertising Looking for essay on rhetoric? Le t's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, the target audience is not limited to these people only. The language is based on signals that anyone can be a young investor. According to Band, one day many people try to answer â€Å"the question of how much to invest, what to invest in, how to do it, when to do it and †¦ well †¦ you get the point† (Band par. 1). The tone of these first phrases is rather informal to attract more public to the discussion of the business issue. Thus, Band enumerates the issues associated with investment and finishes his sentence in a very informal way, â€Å" well†¦ you get the point† (Band par. 1). The first sentences of the article and the further guidelines where â€Å"you†, â€Å"yourself†, and â€Å"your† are actively used help the author to persuade the audience that the discussed issue is meaningful for everyone. Band also addresses his readers a s his friends or students, while drawing their attention with the help of such phrases as â€Å"see† and â€Å"take a look† (Band par. 3-4). Furthermore, Band is effectively presents the idea of investment, saying that successful trading is â€Å"a matter of squeezing out an eighth here and a quarter there† (Band par. 3). In addition, Band does not use complicated language, and he uses only central terms, for example, bids, share, bid price, and market order because they can be understood by the wide audience. However, it is possible to assume that if the author could avoid these terms, he would do it for the sake of his audience. It is important to pay attention to the fact that the genre of the writing does not require persuasive tools or may require only a few as the reader shows his trust to the article since he or she is reading it. In other words, the analyst does not need to persuade readers in anything as the aim of the article is to give some tips.Adver tising We will write a custom essay sample on â€Å"5 Simple Tips for Successful Stock Trading† by Richard Band specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, to add credibility to his writing, Band notes that his tips are based on â€Å"30-plus years† of experience (Band par. 4). It is important to state that in this case, the use of ethos is an effective persuasive tool as referring to authority often makes people trust some information. Furthermore, Band does not only give some important tips, but he also justifies some of them, stating that â€Å"there are two reasons for this advice† (Band par. 10). Clearly, the author tries to make his paper credible as he resorts to logos. Band makes the reader involved, and he gives the reader an opportunity to be able to analyse situations on his or her own. The analyst also addresses the reader throughout the paper, and it seems that he is talking to one of his friends. For instance, Band informally and emotionally states â€Å"Don’t shilly-shally if you were intending to sell† (Band par. 10). Thus, the use of pathos makes the writing appealing and trustful because people are ready to accept the advice as they feel the tips come from their friendly mentor. Referring to the article’s genre, it is necessary to note that the structure of the writing is clear and concise, and this makes the paper a good guide for inexperienced investors. The article has subheadings and bullet points to direct the readers. It is clear that the author gives five pieces of advice and it is easy to understand when one tip ends and another begins. Band also uses imperatives seven times throughout the writing, for example, â€Å"Plan to do most of your selling in April and early in May†, and it is a typical way to write a guide (Band par. 11). The point of this kind of article is to explain complicated concepts in simple words, and Band is oriented to help people to deal with things which can be difficult for them.Advertising Looking for essay on rhetoric? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is possible to state that the article under analysis can be regarded as an effective guidance due to its clarity and cohesion. Band uses simple words to explain quite complicated things as stock trading is really difficult for many people. The writing is especially helpful in the times of financial constraints. Therefore, helping people trade properly and effectively, Band contributes to development of stock market which is an important part of economy of any country. Band, Richard. 5 Simple Tips for Successful Stock Trading. 2013. Web.

Intact is One Word

Intact is One Word Intact is One Word Intact is One Word By Maeve Maddox Ive seen too many examples of intact written as two words to go on assuming that they are typographical errors. Photo caption: A couch that was left in tact after the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center. Question on medical forum: Is chest muscle left in tact after MastX? Question on aviation site: Why are there only 2 Stukas left in tact today? The adjective intact is written as one word. It means whole, entire, not affected by anything that injures. Ex. An animal that has not been spayed or neutered is said to be intact. The literal meaning of intact is untouched. The in prefix means not. The tact comes from a verb meaning to touch. The noun tact has the same origin. An obsolete use is sense of touch. Now the words main use is figurative: tact ready and delicate sense of what is fitting and proper in dealing with others, so as to avoid giving offence, or win good will; skill or judgement in dealing with men or negotiating difficult or delicate situations; the faculty of saying or doing the right thing at the right time. (OED) As for intact, lets keep it, well, intact. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:16 Substitutes for â€Å"Because† or â€Å"Because Of†One Fell Swoop10 Tips About How to Write a Caption

Rhetorical Analysis of news articles about recent political events in Essay

Rhetorical Analysis of news articles about recent political events in tunisia, egypt, libya, and syria - Essay Example In particular, this paper shall study the use of the metaphor Arab Spring by the news media. This paper is being carried out in order to analyze the term and its application within the news media, including its current understanding in the Arab context. The term Arab Spring was first used by George Packer in his article ‘Dreaming of Democracy,’ published in the New York Times in March, 2003. This term is mostly a western media construct, one which is largely associated with the incidents of uprising and rebellion among various Arab nations. In the article by Packer, the author declares that in the aftermath of the 9/11 attacks, the US launched its War against Terror and labeled various countries in the Arab as primary supporters of terrorism, including countries like Iraq and Afghanistan. These countries were also dominated by dictatorial leaders who were bringing their people significant hardships. Many Arab countries, especially those in the Middle East, according to the Western media, were in conditions ripe for revolution and political change. In other words, a possible Arab spring was already in place. This implied a time where the people could ventilate their goals and push against the tight hold of their governm ents. As such, Arab spring became a term which represented change for Arabs who were suffering under dictatorial regimes. Most of the articles (McCann, Farrell, Kershner, MacIntyre, Fox News, Strauss) declare that countries like Libya, Tunisia, Syria, and Egypt have long been under the influence of dictatorial leaders. Moreover, these leaders have built a reputation of prolonged leadership or dominance in their countries (McCann). They have amassed great wealth at the expense of the people, and as a result, the economic status of their people has generally been unfavorable. These countries have also suffered great poverty; moreover, various issues in human rights abuses have become apparent during the reign of their

Looking for richard Documentary Movie Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Looking for richard Documentary Movie - Essay Example From his impromptu interviews in the streets of New York and the Global Theatre in London, we glean that indeed a lot of people regard a Shakespearean play as all Greek to them. Someone even wryly commented, â€Å"it sucks†. Pacino clearly attempts to modernize this Shakespearean tragedy, lacerate all the 16th century trappings cloaking it and present it under a new light influenced by 21st century modernism. In other words, he wants to make it hip. We can just surmise that Pacino, who was a high school dropout, had belabored Shakespeare in his high school days because of the 16th century lingo that helped to make his high school days exasperating and a survival of the fittest contest. to elucidate and instruct us on the intricacies and character motivations of a Shakespearean play. He particularly disentangles the complexity of the theme in Richard III and outlines in order to simplify the complex relationships by the character personae involved in the War of the Roses i.e. the Houses of York and Lancaster. He teaches us that Richard III is all about the intense competition by both houses to take accession to the throne of England and the ambition and lust for power even within one family and the use of unscrupulous and Machiavellian means to eliminate all those who stand in the way to one’s inexorable march to the throne. Pacino also attempts to show theater afficionados the hectic preparations needed to stage-manage a Shakespearean play. He thus assembles his cast, rehearses them for particular scenes while intermittently analyzing and dissecting the elements composing that segment and possibly to ease the strain of the Shakespearean denouement, he clowns around. Then the actors lay bare their Shakespearean souls with all the intensity they can muster by enacting specific scenes of the play. There was Lady Anne

Reflection paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 4

Reflection paper - Essay Example One can also read into these the notions of the self and the other that came into being as a result of the humanist movements of the Renaissance. The paper shall also look at the distinction between the mind and the body, as was propounded by Rene Descartes. These developments shall be looked into during the course of this paper. The developments that happened in this area have been significant in the development of later theories of the self and the unconscious, especially as they were articulated by the psychoanalysts like Sigmund Freud. Plato’s concept of the self revolved around the notion of the division of the self into the rational, the spirit and the appetitive (Campbell, n.d.). This was accompanied by a privileging of the spirit. According to Plato, there was the level of the idea and the level of the material that needed to be addressed while analyzing the self and its relation to the rest of the cosmos. Everything on the earth had an equivalent in the realm of the idea. For instance, a table on the earth has an equivalent at the level of the idea. The table on earth was a mere copy of the one in the realm of the idea or the spirit and could and would never approach that one in terms of perfection. The self was thus determined in terms of its quality depending on the amount that it had invested in the spiritual aspect of the soul or the self. There is, thus, a privileging of the spirited over the rational whereas the rational is privileged over the appetitive. This division has great relevance for the understanding of the human psyche as it effects a difference in each and every human being on the basis of their dependence on the different aspects of the self. Therefore, it helps one understand that there are no fixed truths that can serve to explain the behavior of every person on the planet. The framework thus believes

Global marketing management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Global marketing management - Essay Example Marketers take in to account various strategies that they feel better and effective to achieve sustainable competitive advantage in today’s competitive markets. Maintaining stronger relationship with consumers is undoubtedly a very effective marketing tactic that can certainly help a firm stay stronger for quite a long term in the market. I would suggest my friend to think about relationship marketing and he therefore needs to treat his customers always welcomed to the business and to maintain friendly relationship. Consumers are to be treated as business partners both inside and outside the firm. Relationship marketing begins with identifying and understanding the needs and wants of customers and recognizing how to satisfy their requirements and preferences (Cravens, 2002, p. 205). In order to stay very relevant and to compete with new small strips and Wal-Mart stores in the area, it is critically important that he should build stronger partner-relation with consumers by taki ng in to account the following strategic steps. Make relationship marketing and customer-contact as an important part of corporate objective of the business. Train employees and all other service-providers about how effectively and friendly they need to treat customers. Keep constantly contacting customers for better services, before as well as after sales services, customers’ feedback and analyzing the words-of-mouth from the customers. Ensure that the goods and services meet their preferences by maintaining on-going quality improvement and quality management systems, and Evaluate how potential customers think about the company in relation to the competitors with a view to implement newer ideas or strategies to achieve competitive advantages. Answer- 2 For international marketing, firms are using different types of cooperative relationships such as strategic alliance, licensing, joint ventures, R&D partnering etc. Strategic alliance is a coalition between two or more firms w ith a view to achieve strategically significant goals that are beneficial to both or all the companies partnered in alliance (Kotabe and Helsen, 2008, p.305). Strategic alliance at international level is typically a collaborative arrangement between two or more firms working across borders. In simple words, cross border alliance is a strategic alliance arrangement between firms across borders (Johansson, 2009, p. 163). Cross border alliance is based on sharing of vital information, business ideas, assets, technology and managerial functioning between partner firms. Cross border alliance can be formed in different structures. It can either be based on a simple licensing agreement or it may consist of quite rigid ties between them. High tech companies often come in alliance with others based on technology swaps. Kotabe and Helsen (2008, p. 306) described the logic behind cross border alliance to explain why companies while going global enter in to alliance with other companies with th eir core businesses. With such alliance, companies want to create a defensive position so that the firm will be able to maintain the leadership position by learning newer skills, access to new markets and by developing new technologies. With cross border alliance, the marketer wants to catch up new marketing domains, or to remain simply in the business or to restructure the market with help of others’ marketing ideas and strategies. Answer- 3 Direct marketing has emerged to be a very successful marketing strategy as many world class companies like Dell and small scale businesses across the world have achieved greater success and unique marketing stance by going directly to the customers. Segmentation is a key marketing dimension that a marketer can set strategic framework to identify the right customers of a company to design and develop products or services to ensure that their specific as well as common preferences are met